182 担保经:

"比丘们,对于这四法,无论是沙门、婆罗门、天神、魔罗、梵天,还是世间的任何人,都不能作担保。

是哪四法呢?对于'不要让会衰老的东西衰老'、'不要让会生病的东西生病'、'不要让会死亡的东西死亡'、以及'不要让过去所造的恶业(那些污染的、导致再生的、充满痛苦的、未来会带来生老病死的业)产生果报',无论是沙门、婆罗门、天神、魔罗、梵天,还是世间的任何人,都不能作担保。

比丘们,对于这四法,无论是沙门、婆罗门、天神、魔罗、梵天,还是世间的任何人,都不能作担保。"

183 所闻经:

一时,世尊住在王舍城竹林栖鸟处。当时,摩揭陀国大臣雨行婆罗门来到世尊处。互相问候寒暄后,坐在一旁。坐下后,雨行婆罗门对世尊说:

"尊者乔达摩,我持这样的见解:'任何人说他所见到的 - '我是这样见到的',这没有过失;任何人说他所听到的 - '我是这样听到的',这没有过失;任何人说他所感知的 - '我是这样感知的',这没有过失;任何人说他所了解的 - '我是这样了解的',这没有过失。'"

世尊回答说:

"婆罗门,我不说所有见到的都应该说,我也不说所有见到的都不应该说;我不说所有听到的都应该说,我也不说所有听到的都不应该说;我不说所有感知的都应该说,我也不说所有感知的都不应该说;我不说所有了解的都应该说,我也不说所有了解的都不应该说。

婆罗门,如果说出所见时会增长不善法、减损善法,我说这样的所见不应该说。相反,如果不说出所见时会减损善法、增长不善法,我说这样的所见应该说。

婆罗门,如果说出所闻时会增长不善法、减损善法,我说这样的所闻不应该说。相反,如果不说出所闻时会减损善法、增长不善法,我说这样的所闻应该说。

婆罗门,如果说出所感知时会增长不善法、减损善法,我说这样的所感知不应该说。相反,如果不说出所感知时会减损善法、增长不善法,我说这样的所感知应该说。

婆罗门,如果说出所了解时会增长不善法、减损善法,我说这样的所了解不应该说。相反,如果不说出所了解时会减损善法、增长不善法,我说这样的所了解应该说。"

于是摩揭陀国大臣雨行婆罗门欢喜赞叹世尊所说,从座起而去。

184 无畏经:

当时,生漏婆罗门来到世尊处。互相问候寒暄后,坐在一旁。坐下后,生漏婆罗门对世尊说:

"尊者乔达摩,我持这样的见解:'没有任何将死之人不会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。'"

世尊回答说:

"婆罗门,有些将死之人会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗,也有些将死之人不会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。

婆罗门,哪些将死之人会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗呢?

在此,有人对欲望未离贪著,未离欲求,未离爱恋,未离渴望,未离热恼,未离渴爱。这样的人遭受重病打击。当被重病打击时,他想:'啊!可爱的欲乐将要离我而去,我也要离开可爱的欲乐了!'于是他忧愁、疲惫、悲叹、捶胸哭泣、陷入迷乱。这就是一种将死之人会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。

再者,婆罗门,有人对身体未离贪著,未离欲求,未离爱恋,未离渴望,未离热恼,未离渴爱。这样的人遭受重病打击。当被重病打击时,他想:'啊!可爱的身体将要离我而去,我也要离开可爱的身体了!'于是他忧愁、疲惫、悲叹、捶胸哭泣、陷入迷乱。这也是一种将死之人会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。

再者,婆罗门,有人未行善事,未修功德,未为自己建立庇护,但造作恶业,造作粗暴之业,造作罪业。这样的人遭受重病打击。当被重病打击时,他想:'啊!我未行善事,未修功德,未为自己建立庇护,却造作恶业,造作粗暴之业,造作罪业。死后我将往生到那些同样未行善事、未修功德、未建立庇护、造作恶业者所去之处!'于是他忧愁、疲惫、悲叹、捶胸哭泣、陷入迷乱。这也是一种将死之人会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。

再者,婆罗门,有人对正法怀疑、犹豫、未得确信。这样的人遭受重病打击。当被重病打击时,他想:'啊!我对正法怀疑、犹豫、未得确信!'于是他忧愁、疲惫、悲叹、捶胸哭泣、陷入迷乱。这也是一种将死之人会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。

婆罗门,这就是四种将死之人会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。

那么,婆罗门,哪些将死之人不会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗呢?

在此,有人已离欲贪,已离欲求,已离爱恋,已离渴望,已离热恼,已离渴爱。这样的人遭受重病打击。当被重病打击时,他不会想:'啊!可爱的欲乐将要离我而去,我也要离开可爱的欲乐了!'因此他不忧愁、不疲惫、不悲叹、不捶胸哭泣、不陷入迷乱。这就是一种将死之人不会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。

再者,婆罗门,有人对身体已离贪著,已离欲求,已离爱恋,已离渴望,已离热恼,已离渴爱。这样的人遭受重病打击。当被重病打击时,他不会想:'啊!可爱的身体将要离我而去,我也要离开可爱的身体了!'因此他不忧愁、不疲惫、不悲叹、不捶胸哭泣、不陷入迷乱。这也是一种将死之人不会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。

再者,婆罗门,有人未造恶业,未造粗暴之业,未造罪业,而是行善事,修功德,为自己建立庇护。这样的人遭受重病打击。当被重病打击时,他想:'我未造恶业,未造粗暴之业,未造罪业,而是行善事,修功德,为自己建立庇护。死后我将往生到那些同样未造恶业、未造粗暴之业、未造罪业,而行善事、修功德、建立庇护者所去之处!'因此他不忧愁、不疲惫、不悲叹、不捶胸哭泣、不陷入迷乱。这也是一种将死之人不会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。

再者,婆罗门,有人对正法无疑惑,无犹豫,已得确信。这样的人遭受重病打击。当被重病打击时,他想:'我对正法无疑惑,无犹豫,已得确信!'因此他不忧愁、不疲惫、不悲叹、不捶胸哭泣、不陷入迷乱。这也是一种将死之人不会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。

婆罗门,这就是四种将死之人不会对死亡感到恐惧和战栗。"

生漏婆罗门说:

"太殊胜了,尊者乔达摩!太殊胜了,尊者乔达摩!...请世尊接受我为优婆塞,从今日起终生归依。"

这就是第四经。

这些经文分别讨论了:

1. 无人能担保的四件事(担保经)

2. 关于说出所见闻觉知的正确方式(所闻经)

3. 面对死亡时会感到恐惧与不会感到恐惧的人(无畏经)

巴利语原版经文

182/ 2. Pāṭibhogasuttaṃ

　　 182. “Catunnaṃ bhikkhave, dhammānaṃ natthi koci pāṭibhogo– samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā devo vā māro vā brahmā vā koci vā lokasmiṃ.

　　 “Katamesaṃ catunnaṃ? ‘Jarādhammaṃ mā jīrī’ti natthi koci pāṭibhogo– samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā devo vā māro vā brahmā vā koci vā lokasmiṃ; ‘byādhidhammaṃ mā byādhiyī’ti natthi koci pāṭibhogo– samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā devo vā māro vā brahmā vā koci vā lokasmiṃ; ‘maraṇadhammaṃ mā mīyī’ti natthi koci pāṭibhogo– samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā devo vā māro vā brahmā vā koci vā lokasmiṃ; ‘yāni kho pana tāni pubbe attanā katāni pāpakāni kammāni saṃkilesikāni ponobhavikāni sadarāni dukkhavipākāni āyatiṃ jātijarāmaraṇikāni, tesaṃ vipāko mā nibbattī’ti natthi koci pāṭibhogo– samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā devo vā māro vā brahmā vā koci vā lokasmiṃ.

　　 “Imesaṃ kho, bhikkhave, catunnaṃ dhammānaṃ natthi koci pāṭibhogo– samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā devo vā māro vā brahmā vā koci vā lokasmin”ti. Dutiyaṃ.

183/ 3. Sutasuttaṃ

　　 183. Ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā rājagahe viharati veḷuvane kalandakanivāpe. Atha kho vassakāro brāhmaṇo magadhamahāmatto yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho vassakāro brāhmaṇo magadhamahāmatto bhagavantaṃ etadavoca–

　　 “Ahañhi, bho gotama, evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi – ‘yo koci diṭṭhaṃ bhāsati– evaṃ me diṭṭhanti, natthi tato doso; yo koci sutaṃ bhāsati– evaṃ me sutanti, natthi tato doso; yo koci mutaṃ bhāsati– evaṃ me mutanti, natthi tato doso; yo koci viññātaṃ bhāsati– evaṃ me viññātanti, natthi tato doso’”ti.

　　 “Nāhaṃ, brāhmaṇa, sabbaṃ diṭṭhaṃ bhāsitabbanti vadāmi; na panāhaṃ, brāhmaṇa, sabbaṃ diṭṭhaṃ na bhāsitabbanti vadāmi; nāhaṃ, brāhmaṇa, sabbaṃ sutaṃ bhāsitabbanti vadāmi; na panāhaṃ, brāhmaṇa, sabbaṃ sutaṃ na bhāsitabbanti vadāmi; nāhaṃ, brāhmaṇa, sabbaṃ mutaṃ bhāsitabbanti vadāmi; na panāhaṃ, brāhmaṇa, sabbaṃ mutaṃ na bhāsitabbanti vadāmi; nāhaṃ, brāhmaṇa, sabbaṃ viññātaṃ bhāsitabbanti vadāmi; na panāhaṃ, brāhmaṇa, sabbaṃ viññātaṃ na bhāsitabbanti vadāmi.

　　 “Yañhi, brāhmaṇa, diṭṭhaṃ bhāsato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti, evarūpaṃ diṭṭhaṃ na bhāsitabbanti vadāmi. Yañca khvassa, brāhmaṇa, diṭṭhaṃ abhāsato kusalā dhammā parihāyanti, akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, evarūpaṃ diṭṭhaṃ bhāsitabbanti vadāmi.

　　 “Yañhi, brāhmaṇa, sutaṃ bhāsato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti evarūpaṃ sutaṃ na bhāsitabbanti vadāmi. Yañca khvassa, brāhmaṇa, sutaṃ abhāsato kusalā dhammā parihāyanti, akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, evarūpaṃ sutaṃ bhāsitabbanti vadāmi.

　　 “Yañhi, brāhmaṇa, mutaṃ bhāsato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti, evarūpaṃ mutaṃ na bhāsitabbanti vadāmi. Yañca khvassa, brāhmaṇa, mutaṃ abhāsato kusalā dhammā parihāyanti, akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, evarūpaṃ mutaṃ bhāsitabbanti vadāmi

　　 “Yañhi brāhmaṇa, viññātaṃ bhāsato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti, evarūpaṃ viññātaṃ na bhāsitabbanti vadāmi. Yañca khvassa, brāhmaṇa, viññātaṃ abhāsato kusalā dhammā parihāyanti, akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, evarūpaṃ viññātaṃ bhāsitabbanti vadāmī”ti.

　　 Atha kho vassakāro brāhmaṇo magadhamahāmatto bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā uṭṭhāyāsanā pakkāmīti. Tatiyaṃ.

184/ 4. Abhayasuttaṃ

　　 184. Atha kho jāṇussoṇi brāhmaṇo yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho jāṇussoṇi brāhmaṇo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca–

　　 “Ahañhi, bho gotama, evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘natthi yo maraṇadhammo samāno na bhāyati, na santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassā’”ti. “Atthi, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno bhāyati, santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa; atthi pana, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno na bhāyati, na santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa.

　　 “Katamo ca, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno bhāyati, santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa? Idha, brāhmaṇa, ekacco kāmesu avītarāgo hoti avigatacchando avigatapemo avigatapipāso avigatapariḷāho avigatataṇho. Tamenaṃ aññataro gāḷho rogātaṅko phusati. Tassa aññatarena gāḷhena rogātaṅkena phuṭṭhassa evaṃ hoti– ‘piyā vata maṃ kāmā jahissanti, piye cāhaṃ kāme jahissāmī’ti. So socati kilamati paridevati, urattāḷiṃ kandati, sammohaṃ āpajjati. Ayaṃ kho, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno bhāyati, santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa.

　　 “Puna caparaṃ, brāhmaṇa, idhekacco kāye avītarāgo hoti avigatacchando avigatapemo avigatapipāso avigatapariḷāho avigatataṇho. Tamenaṃ aññataro gāḷho rogātaṅko phusati. Tassa aññatarena gāḷhena rogātaṅkena phuṭṭhassa evaṃ hoti– ‘piyo vata maṃ kāyo jahissati, piyañcāhaṃ kāyaṃ jahissāmī’ti. So socati kilamati paridevati, urattāḷiṃ kandati, sammohaṃ āpajjati. Ayampi kho, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno bhāyati, santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa.

　　 “Puna caparaṃ, brāhmaṇa, idhekacco akatakalyāṇo hoti akatakusalo akatabhīruttāṇo katapāpo kataluddo katakibbiso. Tamenaṃ aññataro gāḷho rogātaṅko phusati. Tassa aññatarena gāḷhena rogātaṅkena phuṭṭhassa evaṃ hoti– ‘akataṃ vata me kalyāṇaṃ, akataṃ kusalaṃ, akataṃ bhīruttāṇaṃ; kataṃ pāpaṃ, kataṃ luddaṃ, kataṃ kibbisaṃ. Yāvatā, bho, akatakalyāṇānaṃ akatakusalānaṃ akatabhīruttāṇānaṃ katapāpānaṃ kataluddānaṃ katakibbisānaṃ gati taṃ gatiṃ pecca gacchāmī’ti. So socati kilamati paridevati, urattāḷiṃ kandati, sammohaṃ āpajjati. Ayampi kho, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno bhāyati, santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa.

　　 “Puna caparaṃ, brāhmaṇa, idhekacco kaṅkhī hoti vicikicchī aniṭṭhaṅgato saddhamme. Tamenaṃ aññataro gāḷho rogātaṅko phusati. Tassa aññatarena gāḷhena rogātaṅkena phuṭṭhassa evaṃ hoti– ‘kaṅkhī vatamhi vicikicchī aniṭṭhaṅgato saddhamme’ti. So socati kilamati paridevati, urattāḷiṃ kandati, sammohaṃ āpajjati. Ayampi kho, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno bhāyati, santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa. Ime kho, brāhmaṇa, cattāro maraṇadhammā samānā bhāyanti, santāsaṃ āpajjanti maraṇassa.

　　 “Katamo ca, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno na bhāyati, na santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa? Idha, brāhmaṇa, ekacco kāmesu vītarāgo hoti vigatacchando vigatapemo vigatapipāso vigatapariḷāho vigatataṇho. Tamenaṃ aññataro gāḷho rogātaṅko phusati. Tassa aññatarena gāḷhena rogātaṅkena phuṭṭhassa na evaṃ hoti– ‘piyā vata maṃ kāmā jahissanti, piye cāhaṃ kāme jahissāmī’ti. So na socati na kilamati na paridevati, na urattāḷiṃ kandati, na sammohaṃ āpajjati. Ayaṃ kho, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno na bhāyati, na santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa.

　　 “Puna caparaṃ, brāhmaṇa, idhekacco kāye vītarāgo hoti vigatacchando vigatapemo vigatapipāso vigatapariḷāho vigatataṇho. Tamenaṃ aññataro gāḷho rogātaṅko phusati. Tassa aññatarena gāḷhena rogātaṅkena phuṭṭhassa na evaṃ hoti– ‘piyo vata maṃ kāyo jahissati, piyañcāhaṃ kāyaṃ jahissāmī’ti. So na socati na kilamati na paridevati, na urattāḷiṃ kandati, na sammohaṃ āpajjati. Ayampi kho, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno na bhāyati, na santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa.

　　 “Puna caparaṃ, brāhmaṇa, idhekacco akatapāpo hoti akataluddo akatakibbiso katakalyāṇo katakusalo katabhīruttāṇo. Tamenaṃ aññataro gāḷho rogātaṅko phusati. Tassa aññatarena gāḷhena rogātaṅkena phuṭṭhassa evaṃ hoti– ‘akataṃ vata me pāpaṃ, akataṃ luddaṃ, akataṃ kibbisaṃ; kataṃ kalyāṇaṃ, kataṃ kusalaṃ, kataṃ bhīruttāṇaṃ. Yāvatā, bho, akatapāpānaṃ akataluddānaṃ akatakibbisānaṃ katakalyāṇānaṃ katakusalānaṃ katabhīruttāṇānaṃ gati taṃ gatiṃ pecca gacchāmī’ti. So na socati na kilamati na paridevati, na urattāḷiṃ kandati, na sammohaṃ āpajjati. Ayampi kho, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno na bhāyati, na santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa.

　　 “Puna caparaṃ, brāhmaṇa, idhekacco akaṅkhī hoti avicikicchī niṭṭhaṅgato saddhamme. Tamenaṃ aññataro gāḷho rogātaṅko phusati. Tassa aññatarena gāḷhena rogātaṅkena phuṭṭhassa evaṃ hoti– ‘akaṅkhī vatamhi avicikicchī niṭṭhaṅgato saddhamme’ti. So na socati na kilamati na paridevati, na urattāḷiṃ kandati, na sammohaṃ āpajjati. Ayampi kho, brāhmaṇa, maraṇadhammo samāno na bhāyati, na santāsaṃ āpajjati maraṇassa. Ime kho, brāhmaṇa, cattāro maraṇadhammā samānā na bhāyanti, na santāsaṃ āpajjanti maraṇassā”ti.

　　 “Abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama, abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama …pe… upāsakaṃ maṃ bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ saraṇaṃ gatan”ti. Catutthaṃ.