185 婆罗门真理经

一时,世尊住在王舍城耆阇崛山。当时,有许多著名的游行者住在蛇行河岸的游行者园中,其中包括安那巴罗、瓦拉达罗、沙库卢达依等游行者,以及其他著名的游行者。傍晚时分,世尊从禅思中起来,前往蛇行河岸的游行者园。

当时,那些外道游行者聚集在一起讨论时,谈论到这个话题:"这是婆罗门的真理,那是婆罗门的真理。"于是世尊走近那些游行者,坐在准备好的座位上。坐下后,世尊对那些游行者说:

"游行者们,你们现在聚在一起讨论什么?你们刚才未完的谈话是什么?"

"尊者乔达摩,我们聚集在一起时谈论到这个话题:'这是婆罗门的真理,那是婆罗门的真理。'"

"游行者们,有四种婆罗门真理是我亲自证悟并宣说的。是哪四种?

在这里,游行者们,婆罗门这样说:'一切生命不可杀害'。说这话时,婆罗门说真实,不说虚妄。他不因此认为自己是沙门,不认为自己是婆罗门,不认为'我比别人优越',不认为'我与人平等',不认为'我比人低劣'。他只是因为了知真理而对众生起慈悲怜悯之心。

其次,游行者们,婆罗门这样说:'一切欲乐无常、苦、变易'。说这话时,婆罗门说真实,不说虚妄。他不因此认为自己是沙门,不认为自己是婆罗门,不认为'我比别人优越',不认为'我与人平等',不认为'我比人低劣'。他只是因为了知真理而对欲乐生起厌离、离欲、灭尽之心。

其次,游行者们,婆罗门这样说:'一切有无常'。说这话时,婆罗门说真实,不说虚妄。他不因此认为自己是沙门,不认为自己是婆罗门,不认为'我比别人优越',不认为'我与人平等',不认为'我比人低劣'。他只是因为了知真理而对诸有生起厌离、离欲、灭尽之心。

其次,游行者们,婆罗门这样说:'我不属于任何人,任何地方也没有属于我的东西'。说这话时,婆罗门说真实,不说虚妄。他不因此认为自己是沙门,不认为自己是婆罗门,不认为'我比别人优越',不认为'我与人平等',不认为'我比人低劣'。他只是因为了知真理而实践无所有的道路。

这就是我亲自证悟并宣说的四种婆罗门真理。"

这是第五经。

186 通达之道经

这时,有一位比丘来到世尊处,礼敬世尊后坐在一旁。坐在一旁的那位比丘对世尊说:"世尊,是什么引导世间?是什么驱动世间?是什么生起后使世间受其支配?"

"善哉!善哉!比丘,你的思路很好,你的理解力很好,你提的问题很好。你是这样问的:'是什么引导世间?是什么驱动世间?是什么生起后使世间受其支配?'"

"是的,世尊。"

"比丘,是心引导世间,是心驱动世间,当心生起时,世间受其支配。"

"善哉,世尊。"那位比丘欢喜赞叹世尊的话,又进一步问道:"世尊,人们说'多闻持法者,多闻持法者',什么样的人才算是多闻持法者呢?"

"善哉!善哉!比丘,你的思路很好,你的理解力很好,你提的问题很好。你是这样问的:'多闻持法者,多闻持法者,世尊,什么样的人才算是多闻持法者呢?'"

"是的,世尊。"

"比丘,我已经宣说了许多法:契经、应颂、记说、偈颂、自说、如是语、本生、未曾有法、方广。比丘,即使只是一个四句偈,如果能够理解其义理,明白其法义,依法而行,就可以称为多闻持法者。"

"善哉,世尊。"那位比丘欢喜赞叹世尊的话,又进一步问道:"世尊,人们说'多闻通达智慧者,多闻通达智慧者',什么样的人才算是多闻通达智慧者呢?"

"善哉!善哉!比丘,你的思路很好,你的理解力很好,你提的问题很好。你是这样问的:'多闻通达智慧者,多闻通达智慧者,世尊,什么样的人才算是多闻通达智慧者呢?'"

"是的,世尊。"

"在这里,比丘,比丘听闻'这是苦',并以智慧透彻理解其义;听闻'这是苦集',并以智慧透彻理解其义;听闻'这是苦灭',并以智慧透彻理解其义;听闻'这是趣向苦灭之道',并以智慧透彻理解其义。这样的人就是多闻通达智慧者。"

"善哉,世尊。"那位比丘欢喜赞叹世尊的话,又进一步问道:"世尊,人们说'智者大慧者,智者大慧者',什么样的人才算是智者大慧者呢?"

"善哉!善哉!比丘,你的思路很好,你的理解力很好,你提的问题很好。你是这样问的:'智者大慧者,智者大慧者,世尊,什么样的人才算是智者大慧者呢?'"

"是的,世尊。"

"在这里,比丘,智者大慧者不思维伤害自己,不思维伤害他人,不思维伤害双方,而是思维对自己有益、对他人有益、对双方有益、对一切世间有益的事。这样的人就是智者大慧者。"

这是第六经。

187 雨季迦罗经

一时,世尊住在王舍城竹林栗鼠养饲处。这时,摩揭陀国大臣雨季迦罗婆罗门来到世尊处。相互问候寒暄后,坐在一旁。坐在一旁的摩揭陀国大臣雨季迦罗婆罗门对世尊说:

"尊者乔达摩,不善人能否知道另一个不善人:'此人是不善人'?"

"婆罗门,这是不可能的,不善人不可能知道另一个不善人:'此人是不善人'。"

"那么,尊者乔达摩,不善人能否知道善人:'此人是善人'?"

"婆罗门,这也是不可能的,不善人不可能知道善人:'此人是善人'。"

"那么,尊者乔达摩,善人能否知道另一个善人:'此人是善人'?"

"婆罗门,这是可能的,善人能够知道另一个善人:'此人是善人'。"

"那么,尊者乔达摩,善人能否知道不善人:'此人是不善人'?"

"婆罗门,这也是可能的,善人能够知道不善人:'此人是不善人'。"

"太奇妙了,尊者乔达摩!太稀有了!您说得太好了:'不善人不可能知道不善人是不善人,这是不可能的情况。不善人不可能知道善人是善人,这也是不可能的情况。善人能够知道善人是善人,这是可能的情况。善人能够知道不善人是不善人,这也是可能的情况。'"

"有一次,在都提耶婆罗门的集会中,人们批评说:'埃雷雅王是愚人,他信仰沙门罗摩子,对沙门罗摩子做出最高的恭敬礼遇,包括顶礼、起立、合掌、恭敬行礼。埃雷雅王的随从也都是愚人 - 雅摩迦、摩嘎罗、乌嘎、那温达基、甘达巴、阿基韦萨,他们都信仰沙门罗摩子,对他做出最高的恭敬礼遇,包括顶礼、起立、合掌、恭敬行礼。'

都提耶婆罗门就用这种方式来引导他们。他问:'诸位,你们认为埃雷雅王在处理应做与不应做的事务,应说与不应说的事情时,是否比其他明智者更有见识?'

'是的,先生,埃雷雅王在处理应做与不应做的事务,应说与不应说的事情时,确实比其他明智者更有见识。'

'正因为沙门罗摩子比明智的埃雷雅王更有智慧,在处理应做与不应做的事务,应说与不应说的事情时有更深的见识,所以埃雷雅王才信仰沙门罗摩子,对他做出最高的恭敬礼遇,包括顶礼、起立、合掌、恭敬行礼。'

"诸位,你们认为埃雷雅王的随从 - 雅摩迦、摩嘎罗、乌嘎、那温达基、甘达巴、阿基韦萨 - 在处理应做与不应做的事务,应说与不应说的事情时,是否比其他明智者更有见识?"

"是的,先生,埃雷雅王的随从 - 雅摩迦、摩嘎罗、乌嘎、那温达基、甘达巴、阿基韦萨 - 在处理应做与不应做的事务,应说与不应说的事情时,确实比其他明智者更有见识。"

"正因为沙门罗摩子比这些明智的随从更有智慧,在处理应做与不应做的事务,应说与不应说的事情时有更深的见识,所以这些随从才信仰沙门罗摩子,对他做出最高的恭敬礼遇,包括顶礼、起立、合掌、恭敬行礼。"

"太奇妙了,尊者乔达摩!太稀有了!您说得太好了:'不善人不可能知道不善人是不善人,这是不可能的情况。不善人不可能知道善人是善人,这也是不可能的情况。善人能够知道善人是善人,这是可能的情况。善人能够知道不善人是不善人,这也是可能的情况。'好了,尊者乔达摩,我们现在该走了。我们还有许多事务要处理。"

"婆罗门,你认为时候到了就请便。"

于是,摩揭陀国大臣雨季迦罗婆罗门听闻世尊的开示,欢喜赞叹,从座位起身离去。

这是第七经。

巴利语原版经文

185/ 5. Brāhmaṇasaccasuttaṃ

　　 185. Ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā rājagahe viharati gijjhakūṭe pabbate. Tena kho pana samayena sambahulā abhiññātā abhiññātā paribbājakā sippinikātīre paribbājakārāme paṭivasanti, seyyathidaṃ annabhāro varadharo sakuludāyī ca paribbājako aññe ca abhiññātā abhiññātā paribbājakā. Atha kho bhagavā sāyanhasamayaṃ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito yena sippinikātīre paribbājakārāmo tenupasaṅkami.

　　Tena kho pana samayena tesaṃ aññatitthiyānaṃ paribbājakānaṃ sannisinnānaṃ sannipatitānaṃ ayamantarā kathā udapādi– “itipi brāhmaṇasaccāni, itipi brāhmaṇasaccānī”ti. Atha kho bhagavā yena te paribbājakā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā paññatte āsane nisīdi. Nisajja kho bhagavā te paribbājake etadavoca–

　　 “Kāya nuttha, paribbājakā, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā, kā ca pana vo antarākathā vippakatā”ti? “Idha, bho gotama, amhākaṃ sannisinnānaṃ sannipatitānaṃ ayamantarākathā udapādi– ‘itipi brāhmaṇasaccāni, itipi brāhmaṇasaccānī’”ti.

　　 “Cattārimāni, paribbājakā, brāhmaṇasaccāni mayā sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā paveditāni. Katamāni cattāri? Idha, paribbājakā, brāhmaṇo evamāha– ‘sabbe pāṇā avajjhā’ti Iti vadaṃ brāhmaṇo saccaṃ āha, no musā. So tena na samaṇoti maññati, na brāhmaṇoti maññati, na seyyohamasmīti maññati, na sadisohamasmīti maññati, na hīnohamasmīti maññati. Api ca yadeva tattha saccaṃ tadabhiññāya pāṇānaṃyeva anuddayāya anukampāya paṭipanno hoti.

　　 “Puna caparaṃ, paribbājakā, brāhmaṇo evamāha ‘sabbe kāmā aniccā dukkhā vipariṇāmadhammā’ti. Iti vadaṃ brāhmaṇo saccamāha, no musā. So tena na samaṇoti maññati, na brāhmaṇoti maññati, na seyyohamasmīti maññati, na sadisohamasmīti maññati, na hīnohamasmīti maññati. Api ca yadeva tattha saccaṃ tadabhiññāya kāmānaṃyeva nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti.

　　 “Puna caparaṃ, paribbājakā, brāhmaṇo evamāha– ‘sabbe bhavā aniccā …pe… bhavānaṃyeva nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti.

　　 “Puna caparaṃ, paribbājakā, brāhmaṇo evamāha– ‘nāhaṃ kvacani kassaci kiñcanatasmiṃ na ca mama kvacani katthaci kiñcanatatthī’ti. Iti vadaṃ brāhmaṇo saccaṃ āha, no musā. So tena na samaṇoti maññati, na brāhmaṇoti maññati, na seyyohamasmīti maññati, na sadisohamasmīti maññati, na hīnohamasmīti maññati. Api ca yadeva tattha saccaṃ tadabhiññāya ākiñcaññaṃyeva paṭipadaṃ paṭipanno hoti. Imāni kho, paribbājakā, cattāri brāhmaṇasaccāni mayā sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā paveditānī”ti. Pañcamaṃ.

186/ 6. Ummaggasuttaṃ

　　 186. Atha kho aññataro bhikkhu yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho so bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “kena nu kho, bhante, loko nīyati, kena loko parikassati, kassa ca uppannassa vasaṃ gacchatī”ti?

　　 “Sādhu sādhu, bhikkhu! Bhaddako kho te, bhikkhu, ummaggo, bhaddakaṃ paṭibhānaṃ, kalyāṇī paripucchā. Evañhi tvaṃ, bhikkhu, pucchasi– ‘kena nu kho, bhante, loko nīyati, kena loko parikassati, kassa ca uppannassa vasaṃ gacchatī’”ti? “Evaṃ, bhante”. “Cittena kho, bhikkhu, loko nīyati, cittena parikassati, cittassa uppannassa vasaṃ gacchatī”ti.

　　 “Sādhu bhante”ti kho so bhikkhu bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā bhagavantaṃ uttari pañhaṃ apucchi– “‘bahussuto dhammadharo, bahussuto dhammadharo’ti, bhante, vuccati. Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, bahussuto dhammadharo hotī”ti?

　　 “Sādhu sādhu, bhikkhu! Bhaddako kho te, bhikkhu ummaggo, bhaddakaṃ paṭibhānaṃ, kalyāṇī paripucchā. Evañhi tvaṃ, bhikkhu, pucchasi– ‘bahussuto dhammadharo, bahussuto dhammadharoti, bhante, vuccati. Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, bahussuto dhammadharo hotī’”ti? “Evaṃ, bhante”. “Bahū kho, bhikkhu, mayā dhammā desitā – suttaṃ, geyyaṃ, veyyākaraṇaṃ, gāthā, udānaṃ, itivuttakaṃ, jātakaṃ, abbhutadhammaṃ, vedallaṃ. Catuppadāya cepi, bhikkhu, gāthāya atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya dhammānudhammappaṭipanno hoti bahussuto dhammadharoti alaṃ vacanāyā”ti.

　　 “Sādhu, bhante”ti kho so bhikkhu bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā bhagavantaṃ uttari pañhaṃ apucchi– “‘sutavā nibbedhikapañño, sutavā nibbedhikapañño’ti, bhante, vuccati. Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, sutavā nibbedhikapañño hotī”ti?

　　 “Sādhu sādhu, bhikkhu! Bhaddako kho te, bhikkhu, ummaggo, bhaddakaṃ paṭibhānaṃ, kalyāṇī paripucchā. Evañhi tvaṃ, bhikkhu, pucchasi– ‘sutavā nibbedhikapañño, sutavā nibbedhikapaññoti, bhante, vuccati. Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, sutavā nibbedhikapañño hotī’”ti? “Evaṃ, bhante”. “Idha, bhikkhu, bhikkhuno ‘idaṃ dukkhan’ti sutaṃ hoti, paññāya cassa atthaṃ ativijjha passati; ‘ayaṃ dukkhasamudayo’ti sutaṃ hoti, paññāya cass atthaṃ ativijjha passati; ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodho’ti sutaṃ hoti, paññāya cassa atthaṃ ativijjha passati; ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti sutaṃ hoti, paññāya cassa atthaṃ ativijjha passati. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhu, sutavā nibbedhikapañño hotī”ti.

　　 “Sādhu, bhante”ti kho so bhikkhu bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā bhagavantaṃ uttari pañhaṃ apucchi– “‘paṇḍito mahāpañño, paṇḍito mahāpañño’ti, bhante, vuccati. Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, paṇḍito mahāpañño hotī”ti?

　　 “Sādhu sādhu bhikkhu! Bhaddako kho te, bhikkhu, ummaggo, bhaddakaṃ paṭibhānaṃ, kalyāṇī paripucchā. Evañhi tvaṃ bhikkhu pucchasi– ‘paṇḍito mahāpañño, paṇḍito mahāpaññoti bhante, vuccati. Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, paṇḍito mahāpañño hotī’”ti? “Evaṃ, bhante”. “Idha, bhikkhu, paṇḍito mahāpañño nevattabyābādhāya ceteti na parabyābādhāya ceteti na ubhayabyābādhāya ceteti attahitaparahita-ubhayahitasabbalokahitameva cintayamāno cinteti. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhu, paṇḍito mahāpañño hotī”ti. Chaṭṭhaṃ.

187/ 7. Vassakārasuttaṃ

　　 187. Ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā rājagahe viharati veḷuvane kalandakanivāpe. Atha kho vassakāro brāhmaṇo magadhamahāmatto yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho vassakāro brāhmaṇo magadhamahāmatto bhagavantaṃ etadavoca–

　　 “Jāneyya nu kho, bho gotama, asappuriso asappurisaṃ– ‘asappuriso ayaṃ bhavan’”ti? “Aṭṭhānaṃ kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa, anavakāso yaṃ asappuriso asappurisaṃ jāneyya– ‘asappuriso ayaṃ bhavan’”ti. “Jāneyya pana, bho gotama, asappuriso sappurisaṃ– ‘sappuriso ayaṃ bhavan’”ti? “Etampi kho, brāhmaṇa, aṭṭhānaṃ anavakāso yaṃ asappuriso sappurisaṃ jāneyya– ‘sappuriso ayaṃ bhavan’”ti. “Jāneyya nu kho, bho gotama, sappuriso sappurisaṃ – ‘sappuriso ayaṃ bhavan’”ti? “Ṭhānaṃ kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa, vijjati yaṃ sappuriso sappurisaṃ jāneyya– ‘sappuriso ayaṃ bhavan’”ti. “Jāneyya pana, bho gotama, sappuriso asappurisaṃ– ‘asappuriso ayaṃ bhavan’”ti? “Etampi kho, brāhmaṇa, ṭhānaṃ vijjati yaṃ sappuriso asappurisaṃ jāneyya– ‘asappuriso ayaṃ bhavan’”ti.

　　 “Acchariyaṃ, bho gotama, abbhutaṃ, bho gotama! Yāva subhāsitaṃ cidaṃ, bhotā gotamena– ‘aṭṭhānaṃ kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa, anavakāso yaṃ asappuriso asappurisaṃ jāneyya– asappuriso ayaṃ bhavanti. Etampi kho, brāhmaṇa, aṭṭhānaṃ anavakāso yaṃ asappuriso sappurisaṃ jāneyya– sappuriso ayaṃ bhavanti. Ṭhānaṃ kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa, vijjati yaṃ sappuriso sappurisaṃ jāneyya– sappuriso ayaṃ bhavanti. Etampi kho, brāhmaṇa, ṭhānaṃ vijjati yaṃ sappuriso asappurisaṃ jāneyya– asappuriso ayaṃ bhavan’”ti.

　　 “Ekamidaṃ, bho gotama, samayaṃ todeyyassa brāhmaṇassa parisati parūpārambhaṃ vattenti– ‘bālo ayaṃ rājā eḷeyyo samaṇe rāmaputte abhippasanno, samaṇe ca pana rāmaputte evarūpaṃ paramanipaccakāraṃ karoti, yadidaṃ abhivādanaṃ paccuṭṭhānaṃ añjalikammaṃ sāmīcikamman’ti. Imepi rañño eḷeyyassa parihārakā bālā– yamako moggallo uggo nāvindakī gandhabbo aggivesso, ye samaṇe rāmaputte abhippasannā, samaṇe ca pana rāmaputte evarūpaṃ paramanipaccakāraṃ karonti, yadidaṃ abhivādanaṃ paccuṭṭhānaṃ añjalikammaṃ sāmīcikammanti. Tyāssudaṃ todeyyo brāhmaṇo iminā nayena neti. Taṃ kiṃ maññanti, bhonto, paṇḍito rājā eḷeyyo karaṇīyādhikaraṇīyesu vacanīyādhivacanīyesu alamatthadasatarehi alamatthadasataro’ti? ‘Evaṃ, bho, paṇḍito rājā eḷeyyo karaṇīyādhikaraṇīyesu vacanīyādhivacanīyesu alamatthadasatarehi alamatthadasataro’”ti.

　　 “Yasmā ca kho, bho, samaṇo rāmaputto raññā eḷeyyena paṇḍitena paṇḍitataro karaṇīyādhikaraṇīyesu vacanīyādhivacanīyesu alamatthadasatarena alamatthadasataro, tasmā rājā eḷeyyo samaṇe rāmaputte abhippasanno, samaṇe ca pana rāmaputte evarūpaṃ paramanipaccakāraṃ karoti, yadidaṃ abhivādanaṃ paccuṭṭhānaṃ añjalikammaṃ sāmīcikammaṃ”.

　　 “Taṃ kiṃ maññanti, bhonto, paṇḍitā rañño eḷeyyassa parihārakā– yamako moggallo uggo nāvindakī gandhabbo aggivesso, karaṇīyādhikaraṇīyesu vacanīyādhivacanīyesu alamatthadasatarehi alamatthadasatarāti? ‘Evaṃ, bho, paṇḍitā rañño eḷeyyassa parihārakā– yamako moggallo uggo nāvindakī gandhabbo aggivesso, karaṇīyādhikaraṇīyesu vacanīyādhivacanīyesu alamatthadasatarehi alamatthadasatarā’”ti.

　　 “Yasmā ca kho, bho, samaṇo rāmaputto rañño eḷeyyassa parihārakehi paṇḍitehi paṇḍitataro karaṇīyādhikaraṇīyesu vacanīyādhivacanīyesu alamattha-dasatarehi alamatthadasataro, tasmā rañño eḷeyyassa parihārakā samaṇe rāmaputte abhippasannā; samaṇe ca pana rāmaputte evarūpaṃ paramanipaccakāraṃ karonti, yadidaṃ abhivādanaṃ paccuṭṭhānaṃ añjalikammaṃ sāmīcikamman”ti.

　　 “Acchariyaṃ, bho, gotama, abbhutaṃ, bho gotama! Yāva subhāsitaṃ cidaṃ bhotā gotamena ‘aṭṭhānaṃ kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa, anavakāso yaṃ asappuriso asappurisaṃ jāneyya– asappuriso ayaṃ bhavanti. Etampi kho, brāhmaṇa, aṭṭhānaṃ anavakāso yaṃ asappuriso sappurisaṃ jāneyya– sappuriso ayaṃ bhavanti. Ṭhānaṃ kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa, vijjati yaṃ sappuriso sappurisaṃ jāneyya– sappuriso ayaṃ bhavanti. Etampi kho, brāhmaṇa, ṭhānaṃ vijjati yaṃ sappuriso asappurisaṃ jāneyya– asappuriso ayaṃ bhavan’ti. Handa ca dāni mayaṃ, bho gotama, gacchāma. Bahukiccā mayaṃ bahukaraṇīyā”ti. “Yassadāni tvaṃ, brāhmaṇa, kālaṃ maññasī”ti. Atha kho vassakāro brāhmaṇo magadhamahāmatto bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā uṭṭhāyāsanā pakkāmīti. Sattamaṃ.