179 涅槃经

这时,尊者阿难来到尊者舍利弗所在之处。到达后,与舍利弗互相问候。在互相寒暄、叙述值得记忆的谈话之后,坐在一旁。坐在一旁的尊者阿难对尊者舍利弗说:"贤友舍利弗,是什么因,什么缘,使得此世间某些众生无法在现世证得涅槃呢?"

"贤友阿难,在此,众生不能如实了知这些:退失之想、停滞之想、殊胜之想、通达之想。贤友阿难,这就是因,这就是缘,使得此世间某些众生无法在现世证得涅槃。"

"那么,贤友舍利弗,是什么因,什么缘,使得此世间某些众生能在现世证得涅槃呢?""贤友阿难,在此,众生能如实了知这些:退失之想、停滞之想、殊胜之想、通达之想。贤友阿难,这就是因,这就是缘,使得此世间某些众生能在现世证得涅槃。"第九经。

180 大教法经

一时,世尊住在菩伽城阿难庙。在那里,世尊召唤比丘们说:"诸比丘。"那些比丘回答说:"大德。"世尊说道:"诸比丘,我将为你们讲说四大教法,你们要好好听,要专心思维;我将开示。"那些比丘回答世尊说:"是的,大德。"世尊如此说道:

"诸比丘,什么是四大教法?在此,诸比丘,如果有比丘这样说:'贤友们,这是我亲自从世尊处听到并领受的 - 这就是法,这就是律,这就是导师的教导。'对于这位比丘所说的,你们不应立即赞同,也不应立即反对。不赞同也不反对之后,应当仔细记住这些文句,然后对照经典,参照戒律。如果对照经典和戒律后,发现这些话既不符合经典也不符合戒律,那么就应当得出结论:'这确实不是世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者的教导,而是这位比丘理解错误了。'因此,诸比丘,你们应当舍弃它。

"然而在此,诸比丘,如果有比丘这样说:'贤友们,这是我亲自从世尊处听到并领受的 - 这就是法,这就是律,这就是导师的教导。'对于这位比丘所说的,你们不应立即赞同,也不应立即反对。不赞同也不反对之后,应当仔细记住这些文句,然后对照经典,参照戒律。如果对照经典和戒律后,发现这些话既符合经典也符合戒律,那么就应当得出结论:'这确实是世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者的教导,而且这位比丘已正确理解了。'诸比丘,这就是第一大教法,你们应当记住。

然而在此,诸比丘,如果有比丘这样说:'在某处有一个僧团居住,有长老和首席长老(或上座)。我从那个僧团亲自听到并领受 - 这就是法,这就是律,这就是导师的教导。'对于这位比丘所说的,你们不应立即赞同,也不应立即反对。不赞同也不反对之后,应当仔细记住这些文句,然后对照经典,参照戒律。如果对照经典和戒律后,发现这些话既不符合经典也不符合戒律,那么就应当得出结论:'这确实不是世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者的教导,而是那个僧团理解错误了。'因此,诸比丘,你们应当舍弃它。

然而在此,诸比丘,如果有比丘这样说:'在某处有一个僧团居住,有长老和首席长老(或上座)。我从那个僧团亲自听到并领受 - 这就是法,这就是律,这就是导师的教导。'对于这位比丘所说的,你们不应立即赞同,也不应立即反对。不赞同也不反对之后,应当仔细记住这些文句,然后对照经典,参照戒律。如果对照经典和戒律后,发现这些话既符合经典也符合戒律,那么就应当得出结论:'这确实是世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者的教导,而且那个僧团已正确理解了。'诸比丘,这就是第二大教法,你们应当记住。

"然而在此,诸比丘,如果有比丘这样说:'在某处住着许多长老比丘,他们多闻、精通传统、持法、持律、持纲要。我从那些长老处亲自听到并领受 - 这就是法,这就是律,这就是导师的教导。'对于这位比丘所说的,你们不应立即赞同,也不应立即反对。不赞同也不反对之后,应当仔细记住这些文句,然后对照经典,参照戒律。如果对照经典和戒律后,发现这些话既不符合经典也不符合戒律,那么就应当得出结论:'这确实不是世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者的教导,而是那些长老理解错误了。'因此,诸比丘,你们应当舍弃它。

然而在此,诸比丘,如果有比丘这样说:'在某处住着许多长老比丘,他们多闻、精通传统、持法、持律、持纲要。我从那些长老处亲自听到并领受 - 这就是法,这就是律,这就是导师的教导。'对于这位比丘所说的,你们不应立即赞同,也不应立即反对。不赞同也不反对之后,应当仔细记住这些文句,然后对照经典,参照戒律。如果对照经典和戒律后,发现这些话既符合经典也符合戒律,那么就应当得出结论:'这确实是世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者的教导,而且那些长老已正确理解了。'诸比丘,这就是第三大教法,你们应当记住。

然而在此,诸比丘,如果有比丘这样说:'在某处住着一位长老比丘,他多闻、精通传统、持法、持律、持纲要。我从那位长老处亲自听到并领受 - 这就是法,这就是律,这就是导师的教导。'对于这位比丘所说的,你们不应立即赞同,也不应立即反对。不赞同也不反对之后,应当仔细记住这些文句,然后对照经典,参照戒律。如果对照经典和戒律后,发现这些话既不符合经典也不符合戒律,那么就应当得出结论:'这确实不是世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者的教导,而是那位长老理解错误了。'因此,诸比丘,你们应当舍弃它。

"然而在此,诸比丘,如果有比丘这样说:'在某处住着一位长老比丘,他多闻、精通传统、持法、持律、持纲要。我从那位长老处亲自听到并领受 - 这就是法,这就是律,这就是导师的教导。'对于这位比丘所说的,你们不应立即赞同,也不应立即反对。不赞同也不反对之后,应当仔细记住这些文句,然后对照经典,参照戒律。如果对照经典和戒律后,发现这些话既符合经典也符合戒律,那么就应当得出结论:'这确实是世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者的教导,而且那位长老已正确理解了。'诸比丘,这就是第四大教法,你们应当记住。诸比丘,这就是四大教法。"第十经。

第三思品完。

其摘要如下:

思、分别、拘絺罗、阿难为第五;

祈请、罗睺罗、泥泞、涅槃与大教法。

第四婆罗门品

181 战士经

"诸比丘,具备四种素质的战士,堪称国王所用,值得国王供养,被视为王之肢体。是哪四种?在此,诸比丘,战士善于站位,能远射,能准确射击,能击破大军团。诸比丘,具备这四种素质的战士,堪称国王所用,值得国王供养,被视为王之肢体。同样地,诸比丘,具备四法的比丘,值得供养、值得款待、值得布施、值得合掌礼敬,是世间无上的福田。是哪四法?在此,比丘善于站位,能远射,能准确射击,能击破大军团。

"诸比丘,比丘如何善于站位?在此,诸比丘,比丘持戒...受持学处而学习。如是比丘善于站位。

诸比丘,比丘如何能远射?在此,诸比丘,比丘对于任何色(物质),无论是过去、未来、现在的,内在的或外在的,粗的或细的,低劣的或优胜的,远的或近的,他都以正确的智慧如实观察:'这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。'对于任何受(感受)...任何想(认知)...任何行(意志活动)...任何识(意识),无论是过去、未来、现在的,内在的或外在的,粗的或细的,低劣的或优胜的,远的或近的,他都以正确的智慧如实观察:'这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。'如是比丘能远射。

诸比丘,比丘如何能准确射击?在此,诸比丘,比丘如实了知:'这是苦'...如实了知:'这是苦灭之道。'如是比丘能准确射击。

诸比丘,比丘如何能击破大军团?在此,诸比丘,比丘能击破巨大的无明蕴。如是比丘能击破大军团。

诸比丘,具备这四法的比丘,值得供养...是世间无上的福田。"第一经。

这些经文主要包含了三部重要的经典:

1. 涅槃经 - 讨论了证得涅槃的条件

2. 大教法经 - 阐述了判断佛法真伪的四大准则

3. 战士经 - 通过比较战士和比丘的四种素质,说明了优秀比丘应具备的品质

每一经都有其独特而深刻的教义内容,为修行者提供了重要的指导。

巴利语原版经文

179/ 9. Nibbānasuttaṃ

　　 179. Atha kho āyasmā ānando yenāyasmā sāriputto tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā āyasmatā sāriputtena saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho āyasmā ānando āyasmantaṃ sāriputtaṃ etadavoca– “ko nu kho, āvuso sāriputta, hetu ko paccayo, yena midhekacce sattā diṭṭheva dhamme na parinibbāyantī”ti?

　　 “Idhāvuso ānanda, sattā imā hānabhāgiyā saññāti yathābhūtaṃ nappajānanti, imā ṭhitibhāgiyā saññāti yathābhūtaṃ nappajānanti, imā visesabhāgiyā saññāti yathābhūtaṃ nappajānanti, imā nibbedhabhāgiyā saññāti yathābhūtaṃ nappajānanti. Ayaṃ kho, āvuso ānanda, hetu ayaṃ paccayo, yena midhekacce sattā diṭṭheva dhamme na parinibbāyantī”ti.

　　 “Ko panāvuso sāriputta, hetu ko paccayo, yena midhekacce sattā diṭṭheva dhamme parinibbāyantī”ti? “Idhāvuso ānanda, sattā imā hānabhāgiyā saññāti yathābhūtaṃ pajānanti, imā ṭhitibhāgiyā saññāti yathābhūtaṃ pajānanti, imā visesabhāgiyā saññāti yathābhūtaṃ pajānanti, imā nibbedhabhāgiyā saññāti yathābhūtaṃ pajānanti. Ayaṃ kho, āvuso ānanda, hetu ayaṃ paccayo, yena midhekacce sattā diṭṭheva dhamme parinibbāyantī”ti. Navamaṃ.

180/ 10. Mahāpadesasuttaṃ

　　 180. Ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā bhoganagare viharati ānandacetiye. Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi– “bhikkhavo”ti. “Bhadante”ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca– “cattārome, bhikkhave, mahāpadese desessāmi, taṃ suṇātha sādhukaṃ manasi karotha; bhāsissāmī”ti. “Evaṃ, bhante”ti kho te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca–

　　 “Katame, bhikkhave, cattāro mahāpadesā? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ vadeyya– ‘sammukhā metaṃ, āvuso, bhagavato sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ– ayaṃ dhammo, ayaṃ vinayo, idaṃ satthusāsanan’ti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno bhāsitaṃ neva abhinanditabbaṃ nappaṭikkositabbaṃ. Anabhinanditvā appaṭikkositvā tāni padabyañjanāni sādhukaṃ uggahetvā sutte otāretabbāni, vinaye sandassetabbāni. Tāni ce sutte otāriyamānāni vinaye sandassiyamānāni na ceva sutte otaranti na vinaye sandissanti, niṭṭhamettha gantabbaṃ– ‘addhā, idaṃ na ceva tassa bhagavato vacanaṃ arahato sammāsambuddhassa; imassa ca bhikkhuno duggahitan’ti. Iti hetaṃ, bhikkhave, chaḍḍeyyātha.

　　 “Idha pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ vadeyya– ‘sammukhā metaṃ, āvuso, bhagavato sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ– ayaṃ dhammo, ayaṃ vinayo, idaṃ satthusāsanan’ti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno bhāsitaṃ neva abhinanditabbaṃ nappaṭikkositabbaṃ. Anabhinanditvā appaṭikkositvā tāni padabyañjanāni sādhukaṃ uggahetvā sutte otāretabbāni, vinaye sandassetabbāni. Tāni ce sutte otāriyamānāni vinaye sandassiyamānāni sutte ceva otaranti vinaye ca sandissanti, niṭṭhamettha gantabbaṃ– ‘addhā, idaṃ tassa bhagavato vacanaṃ arahato sammāsambuddhassa; imassa ca bhikkhuno suggahitan’ti. Idaṃ, bhikkhave, paṭhamaṃ mahāpadesaṃ dhāreyyātha.

　　 “Idha pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ vadeyya– ‘asukasmiṃ nāma āvāse saṅgho viharati sathero sapāmokkho. Tassa me saṅghassa sammukhā sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ– ayaṃ dhammo, ayaṃ vinayo, idaṃ satthusāsanan’ti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno bhāsitaṃ neva abhinanditabbaṃ nappaṭikkositabbaṃ. Anabhinanditvā appaṭikkositvā tāni padabyañjanāni sādhukaṃ uggahetvā sutte otāretabbāni, vinaye sandassetabbāni. Tāni ce sutte otāriyamānāni vinaye sandassiyamānāni na ceva sutte otaranti na vinaye sandissanti, niṭṭhamettha gantabbaṃ– ‘addhā, idaṃ na ceva tassa bhagavato vacanaṃ arahato sammāsambuddhassa tassa ca saṅghassa duggahitan’ti. Iti hetaṃ, bhikkhave, chaḍḍeyyātha.

　　 “Idha pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ vadeyya– ‘asukasmiṃ nāma āvāse saṅgho viharati sathero sapāmokkho. Tassa me saṅghassa sammukhā sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ– ayaṃ dhammo, ayaṃ vinayo, idaṃ satthusāsanan’ti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno bhāsitaṃ neva abhinanditabbaṃ nappaṭikkositabbaṃ. Anabhinanditvā appaṭikkositvā tāni padabyañjanāni sādhukaṃ uggahetvā sutte otāretabbāni, vinaye sandassetabbāni. Tāni ce sutte otāriyamānāni, vinaye sandassiyamānāni sutte ceva otaranti vinaye ca sandissanti, niṭṭhamettha gantabbaṃ– ‘addhā, idaṃ tassa bhagavato vacanaṃ arahato sammāsambuddhassa; tassa ca saṅghassa suggahitan’ti. Idaṃ, bhikkhave, dutiyaṃ mahāpadesaṃ dhāreyyātha.

　　 “Idha pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ vadeyya– ‘asukasmiṃ nāma āvāse sambahulā therā bhikkhū viharanti bahussutā āgatāgamā dhammadharā vinayadharā mātikādharā. Tesaṃ me therānaṃ sammukhā sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ– ayaṃ dhammo, ayaṃ vinayo, idaṃ satthusāsanan’ti. Tassa, bhikkhave bhikkhuno bhāsitaṃ neva abhinanditabbaṃ nappaṭikkositabbaṃ. Anabhinanditvā appaṭikkositvā tāni padabyañjanāni sādhukaṃ uggahetvā sutte otāretabbāni, vinaye sandassetabbāni. Tāni ce sutte otāriyamānāni vinaye sandassiyamānāni na ceva sutte otaranti na vinaye sandissanti, niṭṭhamettha gantabbaṃ– ‘addhā, idaṃ na ceva tassa bhagavato vacanaṃ arahato sammāsambuddhassa; tesañca therānaṃ duggahitan’ti. Iti hetaṃ, bhikkhave, chaḍḍeyyātha.

　　 “Idha pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ vadeyya– ‘asukasmiṃ nāma āvāse sambahulā therā bhikkhū viharanti bahussutā āgatāgamā dhammadharā vinayadharā mātikādharā. Tesaṃ me therānaṃ sammukhā sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ– ayaṃ dhammo, ayaṃ vinayo, idaṃ satthusāsanan’ti. Tassa, bhikkhave bhikkhuno bhāsitaṃ neva abhinanditabbaṃ nappaṭikkositabbaṃ. Anabhinanditvā appaṭikkositvā tāni padabyañjanāni sādhukaṃ uggahetvā sutte otāretabbāni, vinaye sandassetabbāni. Tāni ce sutte otāriyamānāni vinaye sandassiyamānāni sutte ceva otaranti vinaye ca sandissanti, niṭṭhamettha gantabbaṃ– ‘addhā, idaṃ tassa bhagavato vacanaṃ arahato sammāsambuddhassa; tesañca therānaṃ suggahitan’ti. Idaṃ, bhikkhave, tatiyaṃ mahāpadesaṃ dhāreyyātha.

　　 “Idha pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ vadeyya– ‘asukasmiṃ nāma āvāse eko thero bhikkhu viharati bahussuto āgatāgamo dhammadharo vinayadharo mātikādharo. Tassa me therassa sammukhā sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ– ayaṃ dhammo, ayaṃ vinayo, idaṃ satthusāsanan’ti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno bhāsitaṃ neva abhinanditabbaṃ nappaṭikkositabbaṃ. Anabhinanditvā appaṭikkositvā tāni padabyañjanāni sādhukaṃ uggahetvā sutte otāretabbāni, vinaye sandassetabbāni. Tāni ce sutte otāriyamānāni vinaye sandassiyamānāni na ceva sutte otaranti na vinaye sandissanti, niṭṭhamettha gantabbaṃ– ‘addhā, idaṃ na ceva tassa bhagavato vacanaṃ arahato sammāsambuddhassa; tassa ca therassa duggahitan’ti. Iti hetaṃ, bhikkhave, chaḍḍeyyātha.

　　 “Idha pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ vadeyya– ‘asukasmiṃ nāma āvāse eko thero bhikkhu viharati bahussuto āgatāgamo dhammadharo vinayadharo mātikādharo. Tassa me therassa sammukhā sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ– ayaṃ dhammo, ayaṃ vinayo, idaṃ satthusāsanan’ti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno bhāsitaṃ neva abhinanditabbaṃ nappaṭikkositabbaṃ. Anabhinanditvā appaṭikkositvā tāni padabyañjanāni sādhukaṃ uggahetvā sutte otāretabbāni, vinaye sandassetabbāni. Tāni ce sutte otāriyamānāni vinaye sandassiyamānāni sutte ceva otaranti vinaye ca sandissanti, niṭṭhamettha gantabbaṃ– ‘addhā, idaṃ tassa bhagavato vacanaṃ arahato sammāsambuddhassa; tassa ca therassa suggahitan’ti. Idaṃ, bhikkhave, catutthaṃ mahāpadesaṃ dhāreyyātha. Ime kho, bhikkhave, cattāro mahāpadesā”ti. Dasamaṃ.

　　Sañcetaniyavaggo tatiyo.

　　 Tassuddānaṃ–

　　 Cetanā vibhatti koṭṭhiko, ānando upavāṇapañcamaṃ;

　　 Āyācana-rāhula-jambālī, nibbānaṃ mahāpadesenāti.

(19) 4. Brāhmaṇavaggo

181/ 1. Yodhājīvasuttaṃ

　　 181. “Catūhi bhikkhave, aṅgehi samannāgato yodhājīvo rājāraho hoti rājabhoggo, rañño aṅganteva saṅkhaṃ gacchati. Katamehi catūhi? Idha, bhikkhave, yodhājīvo ṭhānakusalo ca hoti, dūrepātī ca, akkhaṇavedhī ca, mahato ca kāyassa padāletā. Imehi kho, bhikkhave, catūhi aṅgehi samannāgato yodhājīvo rājāraho hoti rājabhoggo, rañño aṅganteva saṅkhaṃ gacchati. Evamevaṃ kho, bhikkhave, catūhi dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu āhuneyyo hoti pāhuneyyo dakkhiṇeyyo añjalikaraṇīyo anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassa. Katamehi catūhi? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ṭhānakusalo ca hoti, dūrepātī ca, akkhaṇavedhī ca, mahato ca kāyassa padāletā.

　　 “Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ṭhānakusalo hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sīlavā hoti …pe… samādāya sikkhati sikkhāpadesu. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ṭhānakusalo hoti.

　　 “Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dūrepātī hoti? Idha, bhikkhave bhikkhu yaṃ kiñci rūpaṃ atītānāgatapaccuppannaṃ ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā oḷārikaṃ vā sukhumaṃ vā hīnaṃ vā paṇītaṃ vā yaṃ dūre santike vā, sabbaṃ rūpaṃ ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti evametaṃ yathābhūtaṃ sammappaññāya passati. Yā kāci vedanā …pe… yā kāci saññā… ye keci saṅkhārā… yaṃ kiñci viññāṇaṃ atītānāgatapaccuppannaṃ ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā oḷārikaṃ vā sukhumaṃ vā hīnaṃ vā paṇītaṃ vā yaṃ dūre santike vā sabbaṃ viññāṇaṃ ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti evametaṃ yathābhūtaṃ sammappaññāya passati. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dūrepātī hoti.

　　 “Kathañca bhikkhave, bhikkhu akkhaṇavedhī hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ‘idaṃ dukkhan’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti …pe… ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu akkhaṇavedhī hoti.

　　 “Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu mahato kāyassa padāletā hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu mahantaṃ avijjākkhandhaṃ padāletā. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu mahato kāyassa padāletā hoti. Imehi kho, bhikkhave, catūhi dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu āhuneyyo hoti …pe… anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassā”ti. Paṭhamaṃ.