相应部16相应4经到6经 (因缘相应/因缘篇/修多罗)

4 亲近居士经

在舍卫城...世尊说："比丘们，你们认为什么样的比丘适合亲近居士家庭，什么样的比丘不适合亲近居士家庭？"比丘们回答："尊者，我们的法以世尊为根本...世尊说：

"比丘们，如果有比丘怀着这样的心态去亲近居士家：'愿他们一定要给我，不要不给；要给我很多，不要给少；要给我精美的，不要给粗劣的；要快快地给我，不要慢慢地给；要恭敬地给我，不要不恭敬地给。'如果居士们不给这样心态的比丘，他就会忧愁；因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果给少不给多，他就会忧愁；因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果给粗劣不给精美，他就会忧愁；因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果给得慢不给得快，他就会忧愁；因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果不恭敬地给，他就会忧愁；因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。比丘们，这样的比丘不适合亲近居士家。

"但是比丘们，如果有比丘怀着这样的心态去亲近居士家：'在别人家里，怎么能期待他们一定要给我，不要不给；要给我很多，不要给少；要给我精美的，不要给粗劣的；要快快地给我，不要慢慢地给；要恭敬地给我，不要不恭敬地给呢？'如果居士们不给这样心态的比丘，他不会忧愁；不会因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果给少不给多，他不会忧愁；不会因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果给粗劣不给精美，他不会忧愁；不会因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果给得慢不给得快，他不会忧愁；不会因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果不恭敬地给，他不会忧愁；不会因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。比丘们，这样的比丘适合亲近居士家。

"迦叶，比丘们，怀着这样的心态去亲近居士家：'在别人家里，怎么能期待他们一定要给我，不要不给；要给我很多，不要给少；要给我精美的，不要给粗劣的；要快快地给我，不要慢慢地给；要恭敬地给我，不要不恭敬地给呢？'如果居士们不给这样心态的迦叶，他不会忧愁；不会因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果给少不给多，他不会忧愁；不会因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果给粗劣不给精美，他不会忧愁；不会因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果给得慢不给得快，他不会忧愁；不会因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。如果不恭敬地给，他不会忧愁；不会因此而感受痛苦与忧恼。比丘们，我应当教导你们，或者教导像迦叶这样的人。被教导后，你们应当这样实践。"第四经。

5 衰老经

我是这样听说的...在王舍城竹林精舍。那时，大迦叶尊者来到世尊处，礼敬后坐在一旁。世尊对坐在一旁的大迦叶尊者说："迦叶，你现在已经老了，这些粗糙的粪扫衣对你来说太重了。因此迦叶，你应当接受居士供养的衣服，接受供养的饭食，住在我身边。"

迦叶回答："尊者，我长期以来一直是林居者，赞叹林居生活；是乞食者，赞叹乞食生活；是粪扫衣者，赞叹粪扫衣；是三衣者，赞叹三衣；是少欲者，赞叹少欲；是知足者，赞叹知足；是独处者，赞叹独处；是远离者，赞叹远离；是精进者，赞叹精进。"

世尊问："但是迦叶，你看到什么利益，长期以来一直是林居者，赞叹林居生活；是乞食者...是粪扫衣者...是三衣者...是少欲者...是知足者...是独处者...是远离者...是精进者，赞叹精进呢？"

迦叶回答："尊者，我看到两个利益，长期以来一直是林居者，赞叹林居生活；是乞食者...是粪扫衣者...是三衣者...是少欲者...是知足者...是独处者...是远离者...是精进者，赞叹精进。一是为了自己的现世安乐，二是为了怜悯后世众生：'愿后世众生能效法榜样。'那些过去佛陀的弟子们，长期以来一直是林居者，赞叹林居生活；是乞食者...是粪扫衣者...是三衣者...是少欲者...是知足者...是独处者...是远离者...是精进者，赞叹精进。他们这样实践，这将长期为他们带来利益与安乐。

"尊者，我看到这两个利益，长期以来一直是林居者，赞叹林居生活；是乞食者...是粪扫衣者...是三衣者...是少欲者...是知足者...是独处者...是远离者...是精进者，赞叹精进。"

世尊说："善哉，善哉，迦叶。迦叶，你确实是为了多数人的利益，为了多数人的安乐，为了怜悯世间，为了天人的利益与安乐而修行。因此迦叶，你应当继续穿着粗糙的粪扫衣，继续乞食，继续住在森林中。"第五经。

6 教导经

在王舍城竹林精舍。那时，大迦叶尊者来到世尊处，礼敬后坐在一旁。世尊对坐在一旁的大迦叶尊者说："迦叶，教导比丘们；迦叶，为比丘们说法。迦叶，或者我教导比丘们，或者你教导；或者我说法，或者你说法。"

迦叶回答："尊者，现在的比丘们难以教导，具有难以教导的素质，不能忍耐，不能正确接受教导。尊者，我看到阿难的弟子般陀比丘和阿那律的弟子阿毗吉迦比丘互相以声音争论：'来，比丘，看谁说得更多，谁说得更好，谁说得更久。'"

于是世尊召唤一位比丘说："来，比丘，以我的名义去召唤阿难的弟子般陀比丘和阿那律的弟子阿毗吉迦比丘，说：'导师召唤尊者们。'"那位比丘回答："是的，尊者。"然后去召唤那些比丘。

那些比丘回答："好的，贤友。"然后来到世尊处，礼敬后坐在一旁。世尊对坐在一旁的比丘们说："比丘们，你们真的互相以声音争论：'来，比丘，看谁说得更多，谁说得更好，谁说得更久'吗？"他们回答："是的，尊者。"

世尊问："比丘们，你们是否记得我曾这样教导法：'来吧，比丘们，你们互相以声音争论：来，比丘，看谁说得更多，谁说得更好，谁说得更久'？"他们回答："不，尊者。"

世尊说："既然你们不记得我曾这样教导法，那么你们这些愚人，知道什么，看到什么，在这样善说的法与律中出家，却互相以声音争论：'来，比丘，看谁说得更多，谁说得更好，谁说得更久'？"

于是那些比丘向世尊顶礼，说："尊者，我们犯了错误，像愚人、像迷乱者、像不善者，在这样善说的法与律中出家，却互相以声音争论：'来，比丘，看谁说得更多，谁说得更好，谁说得更久'。尊者，请世尊接受我们的忏悔，我们将来会约束自己。"

世尊说："确实，比丘们，你们犯了错误，像愚人、像迷乱者、像不善者，在这样善说的法与律中出家，却互相以声音争论：'来，比丘，看谁说得更多，谁说得更好，谁说得更久'。但是比丘们，既然你们看到错误，如法忏悔，我们接受。比丘们，在圣者的律中，看到错误，如法忏悔，将来约束自己，这是增长。"第六经。

巴利语原版经文

SN.16.4. Kulūpakasuttaṃ

　　 147. Sāvatthiyaṃ viharati …pe… “taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, kathaṃrūpo bhikkhu arahati kulūpako hotuṃ, kathaṃrūpo bhikkhu na arahati kulūpako hotun”ti? Bhagavaṃmūlakā no, bhante, dhammā …pe… bhagavā etadavoca–

　　 “Yo hi koci, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃcitto kulāni upasaṅkamati– ‘dentuyeva me, mā nādaṃsu; bahukaññeva me dentu, mā thokaṃ; paṇītaññeva me dentu, mā lūkhaṃ; sīghaññeva me dentu, mā dandhaṃ; sakkaccaññeva me dentu, mā asakkaccan’ti. Tassa ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno evaṃcittassa kulāni upasaṅkamato na denti, tena bhikkhu sandīyati; so tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Thokaṃ denti, no bahukaṃ …pe… lūkhaṃ denti, no paṇītaṃ… dandhaṃ denti, no sīghaṃ, tena bhikkhu sandīyati; so tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Asakkaccaṃ denti, no sakkaccaṃ; tena bhikkhu sandīyati; so tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Evarūpo kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu na arahati kūlūpako hotuṃ.

　　 “Yo ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃcitto kulāni upasaṅkamati– ‘taṃ kutettha labbhā parakulesu– dentuyeva me, mā nādaṃsu; bahukaññeva me dentu, mā thokaṃ; paṇītaññeva me dentu, mā lūkhaṃ; dīghaññeva me dentu, mā dandhaṃ; sakkaccaññeva me dentu, mā asakkaccan’ti. Tassa ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno evaṃcittassa kulāni upasaṅkamato na denti; tena bhikkhu na sandīyati; so na tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Thokaṃ denti, no bahukaṃ; tena bhikkhu na sandīyati; so na tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Lūkhaṃ denti, no paṇītaṃ; tena bhikkhu na sandīyati; so na tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Dandhaṃ denti, no sīghaṃ; tena bhikkhu na sandīyati; so na tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Asakkaccaṃ denti, no sakkaccaṃ; tena bhikkhu na sandīyati; so na tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Evarūpo kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu arahati kulūpako hotuṃ.

　　 “Kassapo, bhikkhave, evaṃcitto kulāni upasaṅkamati– ‘taṃ kutettha labbhā parakulesu– dentuyeva me, mā nādaṃsu; bahukaññeva me dentu, mā thokaṃ; paṇītaññeva me dentu, mā lūkhaṃ; sīghaññeva me dentu, mā dandhaṃ; sakkaccaññeva me dentu, mā asakkaccan’ti. Tassa ce, bhikkhave, kassapassa evaṃcittassa kulāni upasaṅkamato na denti; tena kassapo na sandīyati; so na tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Thokaṃ denti, no bahukaṃ; tena kassapo na sandīyati; so na tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Lūkhaṃ denti no paṇītaṃ; tena kassapo na sandīyati; so na tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Dandhaṃ denti, no sīghaṃ; tena kassapo na sandīyati; so na tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Asakkaccaṃ denti, no sakkaccaṃ; tena kassapo na sandīyati so na tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayati. Kassapena vā hi vo, bhikkhave, ovadissāmi yo vā panassa kassapasadiso. Ovaditehi ca pana vo tathattāya paṭipajjitabban”ti. Catutthaṃ.

SN.16.5. Jiṇṇasuttaṃ

　　 148. Evaṃ me sutaṃ …pe… rājagahe veḷuvane. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho āyasmantaṃ mahākassapaṃ bhagavā etadavoca– “jiṇṇosi dāni tvaṃ, kassapa, garukāni ca te imāni sāṇāni paṃsukūlāni nibbasanāni. Tasmātiha tvaṃ, kassapa, gahapatāni ceva cīvarāni dhārehi, nimantanāni ca bhuñjāhi, mama ca santike viharāhī”ti.

　　 “Ahaṃ kho, bhante, dīgharattaṃ āraññiko ceva āraññikattassa ca vaṇṇavādī, piṇḍapātiko ceva piṇḍapātikattassa ca vaṇṇavādī, paṃsukūliko ceva paṃsukūlikattassa ca vaṇṇavādī, tecīvariko ceva tecīvarikattassa ca vaṇṇavādī, appiccho ceva appicchatāya ca vaṇṇavādī, santuṭṭho ceva santuṭṭhiyā ca vaṇṇavādī, pavivitto ceva pavivekassa ca vaṇṇavādī, asaṃsaṭṭho ceva asaṃsaggassa ca vaṇṇavādī, āraddhavīriyo ceva vīriyārambhassa ca vaṇṇavādī”ti.

　　 “Kiṃ pana tvaṃ, kassapa, atthavasaṃ sampassamāno dīgharattaṃ āraññiko ceva āraññikattassa ca vaṇṇavādī, piṇḍapātiko ceva …pe… paṃsukūliko ceva… tecīvariko ceva… appiccho ceva… santuṭṭho ceva… pavivitto ceva… asaṃsaṭṭho ceva… āraddhavīriyo ceva vīriyārambhassa ca vaṇṇavādī”ti?

　　 “Dve khvāhaṃ, bhante, atthavase sampassamāno dīgharattaṃ āraññiko ceva āraññikattassa ca vaṇṇavādī, piṇḍapātiko ceva …pe… paṃsukūliko ceva… tecīvariko ceva… appiccho ceva… santuṭṭho ceva… pavivitto ceva… asaṃsaṭṭho ceva… āraddhavīriyo ceva vīriyārambhassa ca vaṇṇavādī. Attano ca diṭṭhadhammasukhavihāraṃ sampassamāno, pacchimañca janataṃ anukampamāno– ‘appeva nāma pacchimā janatā diṭṭhānugatiṃ āpajjeyyuṃ’. ‘Ye kira te ahesuṃ buddhānubuddhasāvakā te dīgharattaṃ āraññikā ceva ahesuṃ āraññikattassa ca vaṇṇavādino …pe… piṇḍapātikā ceva ahesuṃ …pe… paṃsukūlikā ceva ahesuṃ… tecīvarikā ceva ahesuṃ… appicchā ceva ahesuṃ… santuṭṭhā ceva ahesuṃ… pavivittā ceva ahesuṃ… asaṃsaṭṭhā ceva ahesuṃ… āraddhavīriyā ceva ahesuṃ vīriyārambhassa ca vaṇṇavādino’ti. Te tathattāya paṭipajjissanti, tesaṃ taṃ bhavissati dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya.

　　 “Ime khvāhaṃ, bhante, dve atthavase sampassamāno dīgharattaṃ āraññiko ceva āraññikattassa ca vaṇṇavādī, piṇḍapātiko ceva …pe… paṃsukūliko ceva… tecīvariko ceva… appiccho ceva… santuṭṭho ceva… pavivitto ceva… asaṃsaṭṭho ceva… āraddhavīriyo ceva vīriyārambhassa ca vaṇṇavādī”ti.

　　 “Sādhu sādhu, kassapa. Bahujanahitāya kira tvaṃ, kassapa, paṭipanno bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ. Tasmātiha tvaṃ, kassapa, sāṇāni ceva paṃsukūlāni dhārehi nibbasanāni, piṇḍāya ca carāhi, araññe ca viharāhī”ti. Pañcamaṃ.

SN.16.6. Ovādasuttaṃ

　　 149. Rājagahe veḷuvane. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho āyasmantaṃ mahākassapaṃ bhagavā etadavoca– “ovada, kassapa, bhikkhū; karohi, kassapa, bhikkhūnaṃ dhammiṃ kathaṃ. Ahaṃ vā, kassapa bhikkhū ovadeyyaṃ tvaṃ vā; ahaṃ vā bhikkhūnaṃ dhammiṃ kathaṃ kareyyaṃ tvaṃ vā”ti.

　　 “Dubbacā kho, bhante, etarahi bhikkhū, dovacassakaraṇehi dhammehi samannāgatā, akkhamā, appadakkhiṇaggāhino anusāsaniṃ. Idhāhaṃ, bhante, addasaṃ bhaṇḍañca nāma bhikkhuṃ ānandassa saddhivihāriṃ abhijikañca nāma bhikkhuṃ anuruddhassa saddhivihāriṃ aññamaññaṃ sutena accāvadante– ‘ehi, bhikkhu, ko bahutaraṃ bhāsissati, ko sundarataraṃ bhāsissati, ko cirataraṃ bhāsissatī’”ti.

　　 Atha kho bhagavā aññataraṃ bhikkhuṃ āmantesi– “ehi tvaṃ, bhikkhu, mama vacanena bhaṇḍañca bhikkhuṃ ānandassa saddhivihāriṃ abhijikañca bhikkhuṃ anuruddhassa saddhivihāriṃ āmantehi– ‘satthā āyasmante āmantetī’”ti. “Evaṃ, bhante”ti kho so bhikkhu bhagavato paṭissutvā yena te bhikkhū tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā te bhikkhū etadavoca– “satthā āyasmante āmantetī”ti.

　　 “Evamāvuso”ti kho te bhikkhū tassa bhikkhuno paṭissutvā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Ekamantaṃ nisinne kho te bhikkhū bhagavā etadavoca– “saccaṃ kira tumhe, bhikkhave, aññamaññaṃ sutena accāvadatha– ‘ehi, bhikkhu, ko bahutaraṃ bhāsissati, ko sundarataraṃ bhāsissati, ko cirataraṃ bhāsissatī’”ti? “Evaṃ, bhante”. “Kiṃ nu kho me tumhe, bhikkhave, evaṃ dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānātha– ‘etha tumhe, bhikkhave, aññamaññaṃ sutena accāvadatha– ehi, bhikkhu, ko bahutaraṃ bhāsissati, ko sundarataraṃ bhāsissati, ko cirataraṃ bhāsissatī’”ti? “No hetaṃ, bhante”. “No ce kira me tumhe, bhikkhave, evaṃ dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānātha, atha kiṃ carahi tumhe, moghapurisā, kiṃ jānantā kiṃ passantā evaṃ svākkhāte dhammavinaye pabbajitā samānā aññamaññaṃ sutena accāvadatha– ‘ehi, bhikkhu, ko bahutaraṃ bhāsissati, ko sundarataraṃ bhāsissati, ko cirataraṃ bhāsissatī’”ti.

　　 Atha kho te bhikkhū bhagavato pādesu sirasā nipatitvā bhagavantaṃ etadavocuṃ– “accayo no, bhante, accagamā, yathābāle yathāmūḷhe yathā-akusale, ye mayaṃ evaṃ svākkhāte dhammavinaye pabbajitā samānā aññamaññaṃ sutena accāvadimha– ‘ehi, bhikkhu, ko bahutaraṃ bhāsissati ko sundarataraṃ bhāsissati, ko cirataraṃ bhāsissatī’ti. Tesaṃ no, bhante, bhagavā accayaṃ accayato paṭiggaṇhātu āyatiṃ saṃvarāyā”ti.

　　 “Taggha tumhe, bhikkhave, accayo accagamā yathābāle yathāmūḷhe yathā-akusale, ye tumhe evaṃ svākkhāte dhammavinaye pabbajitā samānā aññamaññaṃ sutena accāvadittha– ‘ehi, bhikkhu, ko bahutaraṃ bhāsissati, ko sundarataraṃ bhāsissati, ko cirataraṃ bhāsissatī’ti. Yato ca kho tumhe, bhikkhave, accayaṃ accayato disvā yathādhammaṃ paṭikarotha, taṃ vo mayaṃ paṭiggaṇhāma. Vuddhi hesā, bhikkhave, ariyassa vinaye yo accayaṃ accayato disvā yathādhammaṃ paṭikaroti āyatiñca saṃvaraṃ āpajjatī”ti. Chaṭṭhaṃ.