相应部3相应18经/善知识经(憍萨罗相应/有偈篇/祇夜)

这是发生在舍卫城的因缘。拘萨罗国的波斯匿王坐在一旁，对世尊说道："尊者，当我独处静坐时，心中生起这样的想法：'世尊所说的法是善说的，但这需要善知识、善伴侣、善朋友的帮助，而不是恶知识、恶伴侣、恶朋友。'"

"大王，确实如此！确实如此！大王，我所说的法是善说的，但这需要善知识、善伴侣、善朋友的帮助，而不是恶知识、恶伴侣、恶朋友。"

"大王，有一次我住在释迦族的那伽拉卡村。当时，阿难比丘来到我这里，礼敬后坐在一旁。坐定后，阿难比丘对我说：'尊者，善知识、善伴侣、善朋友是梵行生活的一半。'"

"大王，当阿难这样说时，我告诉他：'阿难，不要这样说！不要这样说！善知识、善伴侣、善朋友是整个梵行生活，而不是一半。因为有善知识、善伴侣、善朋友的比丘，可以期待他会修习和多修八正道。'"

"阿难，一个有善知识、善伴侣、善朋友的比丘，如何修习和多修八正道呢？在这里，比丘修习正见，这正见是依远离、依离贪、依灭尽、趋向舍离的。他修习正思维...正语...正业...正命...正精进...正念...正定，这些都是依远离、依离贪、依灭尽、趋向舍离的。这样，比丘就是有善知识、善伴侣、善朋友地修习和多修八正道。"

"阿难，通过亲近我这个善知识，众生从生老病死、忧悲苦恼中解脱。由此可知，善知识、善伴侣、善朋友就是整个梵行生活。"

"因此，大王，你应当这样学习：'我要成为善知识、善伴侣、善朋友。'大王，你应当这样学习。"

"大王，作为善知识、善伴侣、善朋友，你应当依止一个法而住：那就是对善法保持不放逸。"

"大王，当你不放逸而住时，你的后宫会想：'国王不放逸而住，我们也应当不放逸而住。'"

"你的臣子会想：'国王不放逸而住，我们也应当不放逸而住。'"

"你的军队会想：'国王不放逸而住，我们也应当不放逸而住。'"

"城邑乡村的人民也会想：'国王不放逸而住，我们也应当不放逸而住。'"

"大王，当你不放逸而住时，你自己会得到保护，后宫会得到保护，国库也会得到保护。"

世尊说完后，又说偈：

"智者赞叹不放逸，

在修福德诸事中；

不放逸者得双益，

现世利益未来福。

通达义利故称智，

是名真实智慧人。"

这段经文强调了善知识的重要性，以及不放逸的修行态度对个人和整个社会的影响。它说明善知识不仅是修行的助缘，而是整个修行生活的根本。

巴利语原版经文

SN.3.18/(8). Kalyāṇamittasuttaṃ

　　 129. Sāvatthinidānaṃ. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho rājā pasenadi kosalo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “idha mayhaṃ bhante, rahogatassa paṭisallīnassa evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi– ‘svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo, so ca kho kalyāṇamittassa kalyāṇasahāyassa kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa, no pāpamittassa no pāpasahāyassa no pāpasampavaṅkassā’”ti.

　　 “Evametaṃ, mahārāja, evametaṃ, mahārāja! Svākkhāto mahārāja, mayā dhammo. So ca kho kalyāṇamittassa kalyāṇasahāyassa kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa, no pāpamittassa no pāpasahāyassa no pāpasampavaṅkassāti.

　　 “Ekamidāhaṃ, mahārāja, samayaṃ sakkesu viharāmi nagarakaṃ nāma sakyānaṃ nigamo. Atha kho, mahārāja, ānando bhikkhu yenāhaṃ tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā maṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho, mahārāja, ānando bhikkhu maṃ etadavoca– ‘upaḍḍhamidaṃ, bhante, brahmacariyassa– yadidaṃ kalyāṇamittatā kalyāṇasahāyatā kalyāṇasampavaṅkatā’”ti.

　　 “Evaṃ vuttāhaṃ, mahārāja, ānandaṃ bhikkhuṃ etadavocaṃ– ‘mā hevaṃ, ānanda, mā hevaṃ, ānanda! Sakalameva hidaṃ, ānanda, brahmacariyaṃ– yadidaṃ kalyāṇamittatā kalyāṇasahāyatā kalyāṇasampavaṅkatā. Kalyāṇamittassetaṃ, ānanda, bhikkhuno pāṭikaṅkhaṃ kalyāṇasahāyassa kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ bhāvessati ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ bahulīkarissati’”.

　　 “Kathañca, ānanda, bhikkhu kalyāṇamitto kalyāṇasahāyo kalyāṇasampavaṅko ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ bhāveti, ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ bahulīkaroti? Idhānanda, bhikkhu sammādiṭṭhiṃ bhāveti vivekanissitaṃ virāganissitaṃ nirodhanissitaṃ vossaggapariṇāmiṃ, sammāsaṅkappaṃ bhāveti …pe… sammāvācaṃ bhāveti …pe… sammākammantaṃ bhāveti …pe… sammā-ājīvaṃ bhāveti …pe… sammāvāyāmaṃ bhāveti …pe… sammāsatiṃ bhāveti …pe… sammāsamādhiṃ bhāveti vivekanissitaṃ virāganissitaṃ nirodhanissitaṃ vossaggapariṇāmiṃ. Evaṃ kho, ānanda, bhikkhu kalyāṇamitto kalyāṇasahāyo kalyāṇasampavaṅko ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ bhāveti, ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ bahulīkaroti. Tadamināpetaṃ, ānanda, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ yathā sakalamevidaṃ brahmacariyaṃ– yadidaṃ kalyāṇamittatā kalyāṇasahāyatā kalyāṇasampavaṅkatā”ti.

　　 “Mamañhi, ānanda, kalyāṇamittaṃ āgamma jātidhammā sattā jātiyā parimuccanti, jarādhammā sattā jarāya parimuccanti, byādhidhammā sattā byādhito parimuccanti, maraṇadhammā sattā maraṇena parimuccanti, sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsadhammā sattā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsehi parimuccanti. Iminā kho etaṃ, ānanda, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ yathā sakalamevidaṃ brahmacariyaṃ– yadidaṃ kalyāṇamittatā kalyāṇasahāyatā kalyāṇasampavaṅkatā”ti.

　　 “Tasmātiha te, mahārāja, evaṃ sikkhitabbaṃ– ‘kalyāṇamitto bhavissāmi kalyāṇasahāyo kalyāṇasampavaṅko’ti. Evañhi te mahārāja, sikkhitabbaṃ.

　　 “Kalyāṇamittassa te, mahārāja, kalyāṇasahāyassa kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa ayaṃ eko dhammo upanissāya vihātabbo– appamādo kusalesu dhammesu.

　　 “Appamattassa te, mahārāja, viharato appamādaṃ upanissāya, itthāgārassa anuyantassa evaṃ bhavissati– ‘rājā kho appamatto viharati, appamādaṃ upanissāya. Handa, mayampi appamattā viharāma, appamādaṃ upanissāyā’”ti.

　　 “Appamattassa te, mahārāja, viharato appamādaṃ upanissāya, khattiyānampi anuyantānaṃ evaṃ bhavissati– ‘rājā kho appamatto viharati appamādaṃ upanissāya. Handa, mayampi appamattā viharāma, appamādaṃ upanissāyā’”ti.

　　 “Appamattassa te, mahārāja, viharato appamādaṃ upanissāya, balakāyassapi evaṃ bhavissati– ‘rājā kho appamatto viharati appamādaṃ upanissāya. Handa, mayampi appamattā viharāma, appamādaṃ upanissāyā’”ti.

　　 “Appamattassa te, mahārāja, viharato appamādaṃ upanissāya, negamajānapadassapi evaṃ bhavissati– ‘rājā kho appamatto viharati, appamādaṃ upanissāya. Handa, mayampi appamattā viharāma, appamādaṃ upanissāyā’”ti?

　　 “Appamattassa te, mahārāja, viharato appamādaṃ upanissāya, attāpi gutto rakkhito bhavissati– itthāgārampi guttaṃ rakkhitaṃ bhavissati, kosakoṭṭhāgārampi guttaṃ rakkhitaṃ bhavissatī”ti. Idamavoca …pe…

　　 “Bhoge patthayamānena, uḷāre aparāpare;

　　 Appamādaṃ pasaṃsanti, puññakiriyāsu paṇḍitā.

　　 “Appamatto ubho atthe, adhiggaṇhāti paṇḍito;

　　 Diṭṭhe dhamme ca yo attho, yo cattho samparāyiko.

　　 Atthābhisamayā dhīro, paṇḍitoti pavuccatī”ti.