第一千零九十二章 大满月经

中部109经/大满月经(天臂品[11])

这是我亲身听闻到的:一时,世尊住舍卫城东园鹿子母讲堂。那时正值十五布萨日(布萨解释:译曰净住,善宿,又曰长养。出家之法,每半月(十五日与廿九日或三十日),集众僧说戒经,使比丘住于净戒中。能长养善法,又在家之法,于六斋日持八戒而增长善法,谓之布萨。因而就所作之法,谓之说戒或八戒。就其功能则曰布萨),满月之夜,世尊坐在露天,比丘众环绕。这时,有一位比丘从座位起身,整理衣服,向世尊合掌,如是说道:


"尊者,我想请问世尊一些问题,如果世尊允许我提问的话。"


"那么,比丘,你就坐在自己的座位上,问你想问的吧。"


于是那位比丘坐回自己的座位,向世尊提问:"尊者,这五取蕴是否就是色取蕴、受取蕴、想取蕴、行取蕴和识取蕴(五取蕴解释,见第六百三十六章)?"


"是的,比丘,这五取蕴就是色取蕴、受取蕴、想取蕴、行取蕴和识取蕴。"


"善哉,尊者。"那位比丘对世尊的回答感到欢喜,又进一步提问:"尊者,这五取蕴以什么为根本?"


"比丘,这五取蕴以欲为根本。"


"尊者,这五取蕴本身就是执取,还是说执取存在于五取蕴之外?"


"比丘,这五取蕴本身不是执取,执取也不存在于五取蕴之外。比丘,对五取蕴的欲贪,那就是执取。"


"尊者,对五取蕴的欲贪会有差异吗?"


"会有,比丘。"世尊说,"在这里,比丘,有人会这样想:'愿我将来有这样的色(色解释:物质事物,物质身体),这样的受,这样的想,这样的行,这样的识。'比丘,这就是对五取蕴欲贪的差异。"


"尊者,什么是蕴的定义?"


"比丘,任何色,无论是过去、未来还是现在的,内在的还是外在的,粗的还是细的,低劣的还是优秀的,远的还是近的,这就是色蕴。任何受...任何想...任何行...任何识,无论是过去、未来还是现在的,内在的还是外在的,粗的还是细的,低劣的还是优秀的,远的还是近的,这就是识蕴。比丘,这就是蕴的定义。"


"尊者,什么是色蕴生起的因和缘?什么是受蕴...想蕴...行蕴...识蕴生起的因和缘?"


"比丘,四大种是色蕴生起的因和缘(四大种解释:即是四大,四大解释,见第八十一章)。触是受蕴生起的因和缘。触是想蕴生起的因和缘。触是行蕴生起的因和缘。名色是识蕴生起的因和缘(名色解释:感受,念想,内心思想,触感,生起念想,这些精神方面的思想,念想,感觉等等无形的事物就是名,四大元素,以及四大元素造就的物质身体就是色,物质身体就是色,这就是名和色,精神思想和物质身体就统称为名色;四大解释,见第八十一章)。"


"尊者,如何产生身见?"


"在这里,比丘,一个无闻凡夫,不见圣者,不知圣法,不善巧圣法,不训练圣法,不见善人,不知善人法,不善巧善人法,不训练善人法。他认为色是我,或我拥有色,或色在我中,或我在色中;他认为受是我...想是我...行是我...识是我,或我拥有识,或识在我中,或我在识中。比丘,这就是如何产生身见。"


"尊者,如何不产生身见?"


"在这里,比丘,一个多闻圣弟子,见圣者,知圣法,善巧圣法,善于训练圣法,见善人,知善人法,善巧善人法,善于训练善人法。他不认为色是我,不认为我拥有色,不认为色在我中,不认为我在色中;他不认为受是我...不认为想是我...不认为行是我...不认为识是我,不认为我拥有识,不认为识在我中,不认为我在识中。比丘,这就是如何不产生身见。"


"尊者,什么是色的味患离?什么是受...想...行...识的味患离?"


"比丘,由色而生的乐和喜悦,这是色的味。色是无常的、苦的、变易法,这是色的患。调伏对色的欲贪,断除对色的欲贪,这是色的离。比丘,由受而生...由想而生...由行而生...由识而生的乐和喜悦,这是识的味。识是无常的、苦的、变易法,这是识的患。调伏对识的欲贪,断除对识的欲贪,这是识的离。"


"尊者,如何知、如何见,才能在这个有识之身及一切外相中,没有我执、我所执、我慢随眠(慢随眠解释,见第六百五十三章)?"


"比丘,对于任何色,无论是过去、未来还是现在的,内在的还是外在的,粗的还是细的,低劣的还是优秀的,远的还是近的,都应以正慧如实地看见:'这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。'对于任何受...任何想...任何行...任何识,无论是过去、未来还是现在的,内在的还是外在的,粗的还是细的,低劣的还是优秀的,远的还是近的,都应以正慧如实地看见:'这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。'比丘,这样知、这样见,就能在这个有识之身及一切外相中,没有我执、我所执、我慢随眠。"


这时,一位比丘心中生起这样的念头:"这样说来,色无我,受无我,想无我,行无我,识无我;那么,无我所造的业(业解释:是指一个人的行为,身、口、意所产生的能量或力量,每个行为都会产生相应的结果,善行产生善果,恶行产生恶果,影响个人的性格、处境、际遇等,可能延续到来世,影响轮回),将触及谁呢?"


世尊知道那位比丘的心念,于是对比丘们说:"比丘们,有这种情况,某个愚昧无知、被无明覆盖(无明解释:因无知而沉迷于贪爱贪欲的黑暗之中,无法自拔)、被渴爱主宰的人,会认为应该超越佛陀的教导,想:'这样说来,色无我,受无我,想无我,行无我,识无我;那么,无我所造的业,将触及谁呢?'比丘们,你们在各种法中已经被我训练过了。"


"比丘们,你们认为如何,色是常还是无常?"

"无常,尊者。"

"无常的是苦还是乐?"

"苦,尊者。"

"对于无常、苦、变易之法,是否适合认为:'这是我的,这是我,这是我的自我'?"

"不适合,尊者。"


"比丘们,你们认为如何,受...想...行...识是常还是无常?"

"无常,尊者。"

"无常的是苦还是乐?"

"苦,尊者。"

"对于无常、苦、变易之法,是否适合认为:'这是我的,这是我,这是我的自我'?"

"不适合,尊者。"


"因此,比丘们,任何色,无论是过去、未来还是现在的,内在的还是外在的,粗的还是细的,低劣的还是优秀的,远的还是近的,所有的色都应该如实地以正慧看见:'这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。'任何受...任何想...任何行...任何识,无论是过去、未来还是现在的,内在的还是外在的,粗的还是细的,低劣的还是优秀的,远的还是近的,所有的识都应该如实地以正慧看见:'这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。'"


"比丘们,如此看见的多闻圣弟子会厌离色,厌离受,厌离想,厌离行,厌离识。由于厌离而离贪,由于离贪而解脱。在解脱时,有'解脱了'的智慧。他了知:'生已尽,梵行已立,所作已办,不受后有。'"


世尊如是说。那些比丘对世尊的话感到欢喜,信受奉行。当这个开示被宣说时,约有六十位比丘的心无取着而从诸漏中解脱(诸漏解释:各种烦恼)。


第九《大满月经》结束。


巴利语原版经文


MN.109/(9) Mahāpuṇṇamasuttaṃ

   85. Evaṃ me sutaṃ– ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati pubbārāme migāramātupāsāde. Tena kho pana samayena bhagavā tadahuposathe pannarase puṇṇāya puṇṇamāya rattiyā bhikkhusaṅghaparivuto abbhokāse nisinno hoti. Atha kho aññataro bhikkhu uṭṭhāyāsanā ekaṃsaṃ cīvaraṃ katvā yena bhagavā tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā bhagavantaṃ etadavoca–

   “Puccheyyāhaṃ, bhante, bhagavantaṃ kiñcideva desaṃ, sace me bhagavā okāsaṃ karoti pañhassa veyyākaraṇāyā”ti. “Tena hi tvaṃ, bhikkhu, sake āsane nisīditvā puccha yadākaṅkhasī”ti.

   86. Atha kho so bhikkhu sake āsane nisīditvā bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “ime nu kho, bhante, pañcupādānakkhandhā, seyyathidaṃ rūpupādānakkhandho, vedanupādānakkhandho, saññupādānakkhandho, saṅkhārupādānakkhandho, viññāṇupādānakkhandho”ti? “Ime kho, bhikkhu, pañcupādānakkhandhā, seyyathidaṃ– rūpupādānakkhandho, vedanupādānakkhandho, saññupādānakkhandho, saṅkhārupādānakkhandho, viññāṇupādānakkhandho”ti.

   “Sādhu, bhante”ti kho so bhikkhu bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā bhagavantaṃ uttariṃ pañhaṃ pucchi– “ime pana, bhante, pañcupādānakkhandhā kiṃmūlakā”ti? “Ime kho, bhikkhu, pañcupādānakkhandhā chandamūlakā”ti. “Taṃyeva nu kho, bhante, upādānaṃ te pañcupādānakkhandhā, udāhu aññatra pañcahupādānakkhandhehi upādānan”ti? “Na kho, bhikkhu, taṃyeva upādānaṃ te pañcupādānakkhandhā, nāpi aññatra pañcahupādānakkhandhehi upādānaṃ. Yo kho, bhikkhu, pañcasu upādānakkhandhesu chandarāgo taṃ tattha upādānan”ti.

   “Siyā pana, bhante, pañcasu upādānakkhandhesu chandarāgavemattatā”ti? “Siyā bhikkhū”ti bhagavā avoca “idha, bhikkhu, ekaccassa evaṃ hoti– ‘evaṃrūpo siyaṃ anāgatamaddhānaṃ evaṃvedano siyaṃ anāgatamaddhānaṃ, evaṃsañño siyaṃ anāgatamaddhānaṃ, evaṃsaṅkhāro siyaṃ anāgatamaddhānaṃ, evaṃviññāṇo siyaṃ anāgatamaddhānan’ti. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhu, siyā pañcasu upādānakkhandhesu chandarāgavemattatā”ti.

   “Kittāvatā pana, bhante, khandhānaṃ khandhādhivacanaṃ hotī”ti? “Yaṃ kiñci, bhikkhu, rūpaṃ– atītānāgatapaccuppannaṃ ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā, oḷārikaṃ vā sukhumaṃ vā, hīnaṃ vā paṇītaṃ vā, yaṃ dūre santike vā– ayaṃ rūpakkhandho. Yā kāci vedanā– atītānāgatapaccuppannā ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā, oḷārikā vā sukhumā vā, hīnā vā paṇītā vā, yā dūre santike vā– ayaṃ vedanākkhandho. Yā kāci saññā– atītānāgatapaccuppannā …pe… yā dūre santike vā– ayaṃ saññākkhandho. Ye keci saṅkhārā– atītānāgatapaccuppannā ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā, oḷārikā vā sukhumā vā, hīnā vā paṇītā vā, ye dūre santike vā– ayaṃ saṅkhārakkhandho. Yaṃ kiñci viññāṇaṃ– atītānāgatapaccuppannaṃ ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā, oḷārikaṃ vā sukhumaṃ vā, hīnaṃ vā paṇītaṃ vā, yaṃ dūre santike vā– ayaṃ viññāṇakkhandho. Ettāvatā kho, bhikkhu, khandhānaṃ khandhādhivacanaṃ hotī”ti.

   “Ko nu kho, bhante, hetu ko paccayo rūpakkhandhassa paññāpanāya? Ko hetu ko paccayo vedanākkhandhassa paññāpanāya? Ko hetu ko paccayo saññākkhandhassa paññāpanāya? Ko hetu ko paccayo saṅkhārakkhandhassa paññāpanāya? Ko hetu ko paccayo viññāṇakkhandhassa paññāpanāyā”ti?

   “Cattāro kho, bhikkhu, mahābhūtā hetu, cattāro mahābhūtā paccayo rūpakkhandhassa paññāpanāya. Phasso hetu, phasso paccayo vedanākkhandhassa paññāpanāya. Phasso hetu, phasso paccayo saññākkhandhassa paññāpanāya. Phasso hetu, phasso paccayo saṅkhārakkhandhassa paññāpanāya. Nāmarūpaṃ kho, bhikkhu, hetu, nāmarūpaṃ paccayo viññāṇakkhandhassa paññāpanāyā”ti.

   87. “Kathaṃ pana, bhante, sakkāyadiṭṭhi hotī”ti? “Idha, bhikkhu, assutavā puthujjano ariyānaṃ adassāvī ariyadhammassa akovido ariyadhamme avinīto sappurisānaṃ adassāvī sappurisadhammassa akovido sappurisadhamme avinīto rūpaṃ attato samanupassati rūpavantaṃ vā attānaṃ attani vā rūpaṃ rūpasmiṃ vā attānaṃ; vedanaṃ attato samanupassati vedanāvantaṃ vā attānaṃ attani vā vedanaṃ vedanāya vā attānaṃ; saññaṃ attato samanupassati saññāvantaṃ vā attānaṃ attani vā saññaṃ saññāya vā attānaṃ; saṅkhāre attato samanupassati saṅkhāravantaṃ vā attānaṃ attani vā saṅkhāre saṅkhāresu vā attānaṃ; viññāṇaṃ attato samanupassati viññāṇavantaṃ vā attānaṃ attani vā viññāṇaṃ viññāṇasmiṃ vā attānaṃ. Evaṃ kho bhikkhu, sakkāyadiṭṭhi hotī”ti.

   “Kathaṃ pana, bhante, sakkāyadiṭṭhi na hotī”ti? “Idha, bhikkhu, sutavā ariyasāvako ariyānaṃ dassāvī ariyadhammassa kovido ariyadhamme suvinīto sappurisānaṃ dassāvī sappurisadhammassa kovido sappurisadhamme suvinīto na rūpaṃ attato samanupassati na rūpavantaṃ vā attānaṃ na attani vā rūpaṃ na rūpasmiṃ vā attānaṃ; na vedanaṃ attato samanupassati na vedanāvantaṃ vā attānaṃ na attani vā vedanaṃ na vedanāya vā attānaṃ; na saññaṃ attato samanupassati na saññāvantaṃ vā attānaṃ na attani vā saññaṃ na saññāya vā attānaṃ; na saṅkhāre attato samanupassati na saṅkhāravantaṃ vā attānaṃ na attani vā saṅkhāre na saṅkhāresu vā attānaṃ; na viññāṇaṃ attato samanupassati na viññāṇavantaṃ vā attānaṃ na attani vā viññāṇaṃ na viññāṇasmiṃ vā attānaṃ. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhu, sakkāyadiṭṭhi na hotī”ti.

   88. “Ko nu kho, bhante, rūpe assādo, ko ādīnavo, kiṃ nissaraṇaṃ? Ko vedanāya assādo, ko ādīnavo, kiṃ nissaraṇaṃ? Ko saññāya assādo, ko ādīnavo, kiṃ nissaraṇaṃ? Ko saṅkhāresu assādo, ko ādīnavo, kiṃ nissaraṇaṃ? Ko viññāṇe assādo, ko ādīnavo, kiṃ nissaraṇan”ti? “Yaṃ kho, bhikkhu, rūpaṃ paṭicca uppajjati sukhaṃ somanassaṃ, ayaṃ rūpe assādo. Yaṃ rūpaṃ aniccaṃ dukkhaṃ vipariṇāmadhammaṃ, ayaṃ rūpe ādīnavo. Yo rūpe chandarāgavinayo chandarāgappahānaṃ, idaṃ rūpe nissaraṇaṃ. Yaṃ kho, bhikkhu, vedanaṃ paṭicca… saññaṃ paṭicca… saṅkhāre paṭicca… viññāṇaṃ paṭicca uppajjati sukhaṃ somanassaṃ, ayaṃ viññāṇe assādo. Yaṃ viññāṇaṃ aniccaṃ dukkhaṃ vipariṇāmadhammaṃ, ayaṃ viññāṇe ādīnavo. Yo viññāṇe chandarāgavinayo chandarāgappahānaṃ, idaṃ viññāṇe nissaraṇan”ti.

   89. “Kathaṃ pana, bhante, jānato kathaṃ passato imasmiñca saviññāṇake kāye bahiddhā ca sabbanimittesu ahaṃkāramamaṃkāramānānusayā na hontī”ti? “Yaṃ kiñci, bhikkhu, rūpaṃ– atītānāgatapaccuppannaṃ ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā oḷārikaṃ vā sukhumaṃ vā hīnaṃ vā paṇītaṃ vā yaṃ dūre santike vā – sabbaṃ rūpaṃ ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti– evametaṃ yathābhūtaṃ sammappaññāya passati. Yā kāci vedanā… yā kāci saññā… ye keci saṅkhārā… yaṃ kiñci viññāṇaṃ– atītānāgatapaccuppannaṃ ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā oḷārikaṃ vā sukhumaṃ vā hīnaṃ vā paṇītaṃ vā yaṃ dūre santike vā– sabbaṃ viññāṇaṃ ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti– evametaṃ yathābhūtaṃ sammappaññāya passati. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhu, jānato evaṃ passato imasmiñca saviññāṇake kāye bahiddhā ca sabbanimittesu ahaṃkāramamaṃkāramānānusayā na hontī”ti.

   90. Atha kho aññatarassa bhikkhuno evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi– “iti kira, bho, rūpaṃ anattā, vedanā anattā, saññā anattā, saṅkhārā anattā, viññāṇaṃ anattā; anattakatāni kammāni kamattānaṃ phusissantī”ti? Atha kho bhagavā tassa bhikkhuno cetasā cetoparivitakkamaññāya bhikkhū āmantesi– “ṭhānaṃ kho panetaṃ, bhikkhave, vijjati yaṃ idhekacco moghapuriso avidvā avijjāgato taṇhādhipateyyena cetasā satthu sāsanaṃ atidhāvitabbaṃ maññeyya– ‘iti kira, bho, rūpaṃ anattā, vedanā anattā, saññā anattā, saṅkhārā anattā, viññāṇaṃ anattā; anattakatāni kammāni kamattānaṃ phusissantī’ti. Paṭivinītā kho me tumhe, bhikkhave tatra tatra dhammesu”.

   “Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, rūpaṃ niccaṃ vā aniccaṃ vā”ti? “Aniccaṃ, bhante”. “Yaṃ panāniccaṃ dukkhaṃ vā taṃ sukhaṃ vā”ti? “Dukkhaṃ, bhante”. “Yaṃ panāniccaṃ dukkhaṃ vipariṇāmadhammaṃ, kallaṃ nu taṃ samanupassituṃ– ‘etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’”ti? “No hetaṃ bhante”. “Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, vedanā… saññā… saṅkhārā… viññāṇaṃ niccaṃ vā aniccaṃ vā”ti? “Aniccaṃ, bhante”. “Yaṃ panāniccaṃ dukkhaṃ vā taṃ sukhaṃ vā”ti? “Dukkhaṃ, bhante”. “Yaṃ panāniccaṃ dukkhaṃ vipariṇāmadhammaṃ, kallaṃ nu taṃ samanupassituṃ– ‘etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’”ti? “No hetaṃ, bhante”. “Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, yaṃ kiñci rūpaṃ atītānāgatapaccuppannaṃ ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā oḷārikaṃ vā sukhumaṃ vā hīnaṃ vā paṇītaṃ vā yaṃ dūre santike vā sabbaṃ rūpaṃ– ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti evametaṃ yathābhūtaṃ sammappaññāya daṭṭhabbaṃ. Yā kāci vedanā… yā kāci saññā… ye keci saṅkhārā… yaṃ kiñci viññāṇaṃ atītānāgatapaccuppannaṃ ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā oḷārikaṃ vā sukhumaṃ vā hīnaṃ vā paṇītaṃ vā yaṃ dūre santike vā sabbaṃ viññāṇaṃ – ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti evametaṃ yathābhūtaṃ sammappaññāya daṭṭhabbaṃ. Evaṃ passaṃ, bhikkhave, sutavā ariyasāvako rūpasmimpi nibbindati, vedanāyapi nibbindati, saññāyapi nibbindati, saṅkhāresupi nibbindati, viññāṇasmimpi nibbindati; nibbindaṃ virajjati virāgā vimuccati. Vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ hoti. ‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānātī”ti.

   Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti. Imasmiñca pana veyyākaraṇasmiṃ bhaññamāne saṭṭhimattānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ anupādāya āsavehi cittāni vimucciṃsūti.

   Mahāpuṇṇamasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ navamaṃ.


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