第一千零八十三章 桑格拉瓦经
中部100经/桑格拉瓦经(婆罗门品[10])
这是我亲身听闻到的。一时,世尊与众多比丘僧众一起在拘萨罗国游行。
当时,在岑茨利村居住着一位名叫檀那迦尼的婆罗门妇女,她对佛陀、佛法和僧团深具信心。有一次,檀那迦尼婆罗门妇女不小心跌倒,连声赞叹道:"南无世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者(南无解释:又作南牟、那谟、南谟、那摩、曩莫、纳莫等。意译作敬礼、归敬、归依、归命、信从。原为‘礼拜’之意,但多使用于礼敬之对象,表归依信顺,含救我、度我、屈膝之意。将‘南无’两字冠于佛名或经名前,亦表归依之意;世尊解释:为世间所尊重者之意,亦指世界中之最尊者;阿罗汉解释:阿罗汉是佛教中的最高修行境界,也是四种圣者(四果)中的最后一个阶段,阿罗汉是指已经完全断除所有烦恼,达到最终解脱的修行者。"阿罗汉"可译为"应供"、"无学"或"杀贼",意味着值得供养、不再需要学习、已杀死内心的烦恼;正等正觉解释:觉即知也。觉知遍于一切,是遍也。觉知契于理,是正也。谓遍正觉知一切法也。又诸佛之觉知平等,故曰等,离邪妄故曰等)!南无世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者!南无世尊、阿罗汉、正等正觉者!"
当时,有一位名叫桑格拉瓦的年轻婆罗门也住在岑茨利村。他精通三吠陀(吠陀解释:意译智、明、明智、明解、分。又称围陀论、毗陀论经、薜陀咒、智论、明论。古印度婆罗门教根本圣典之总称。原义为知识,即婆罗门教基本文献之神圣知识宝库。为与祭祀仪式有密切关联之宗教文献。关于其成书年代,有诸异说,一般推断,应始于雅利安人自西北入侵,定居印度河流域之五河地方(即今旁遮普),完成于其后移居恒河流域时。原有三种,即梨俱吠陀、沙摩吠陀、夜柔吠陀,此三者称为三明、三吠陀、三韦陀论、三部旧典。加上阿闼婆吠陀,即成四吠陀),懂得语法、音韵学、词源学和古传说,是吠陀学者和语言学家,通晓世间学说和大人相。桑格拉瓦听到檀那迦尼婆罗门妇女说这样的话,就对她说:"这个檀那迦尼婆罗门妇女真是可耻,真是下贱!明明有婆罗门在,却赞美那个秃头沙门!"
檀那迦尼回答说:"亲爱的,你不知道那位世尊的戒行和智慧。如果你知道那位世尊的戒行和智慧,你就不会想要辱骂或责备他了。"
桑格拉瓦说:"那么,夫人,当沙门乔达摩来到岑茨利村时,请告诉我。"
"好的,亲爱的。"檀那迦尼婆罗门妇女答应了桑格拉瓦年轻婆罗门。
后来,世尊在拘萨罗国游行时来到了岑茨利村,住在那里的托迪亚婆罗门的芒果园里。檀那迦尼婆罗门妇女听说世尊已经来到岑茨利村,住在托迪亚婆罗门的芒果园里,就去找桑格拉瓦年轻婆罗门,对他说:"亲爱的,那位世尊已经来到岑茨利村,住在托迪亚婆罗门的芒果园里。你现在可以去见他了。"
桑格拉瓦回答说:"好的,夫人。"他就去见世尊。到了那里,他与世尊互相问候。寒暄过后,他坐在一旁,然后对世尊说:
"乔达摩先生,有些沙门和婆罗门声称他们已经在现世证得最高智慧,达到梵行的究竟(梵行解释:清净的修行,一般指修行八正道)。对于这些人,乔达摩先生属于哪一类?"
世尊回答说:"婆罗豆婆遮,即使在那些声称已经在现世证得最高智慧、达到梵行究竟的沙门和婆罗门中(究竟解释:形容至高无上之境界。如佛示现至高无上之真理,即称为究竟法身;大般涅槃显示佛教之最终目的,即称为究竟涅槃;沙门解释:出家修行的人,不论是什么宗教的出家修行人都称为沙门;婆罗门解释:意译净行、梵行、梵志、承习。印度四姓中,最上位之僧侣、学者阶级。为古印度一切知识之垄断者,自认为印度社会之最胜种姓),我也看到他们之间有差别。有些沙门和婆罗门是依靠传统。他们通过传统声称已经在现世证得最高智慧,达到梵行的究竟,就像三吠陀的婆罗门。有些沙门和婆罗门仅凭信仰就声称已经在现世证得最高智慧,达到梵行的究竟,就像那些靠推理和思辨的人。还有些沙门和婆罗门对于前所未闻的法,通过自己的智慧了知后,声称已经在现世证得最高智慧,达到梵行的究竟。婆罗豆婆遮,我就属于这最后一类,即那些对前所未闻的法通过自己的智慧了知后,声称已经在现世证得最高智慧、达到梵行究竟的沙门和婆罗门。婆罗豆婆遮,你应该这样理解:我属于那些对前所未闻的法通过自己的智慧了知后,声称已经在现世证得最高智慧、达到梵行究竟的沙门和婆罗门。"
"婆罗豆婆遮,在我还没有觉悟、还是一个未觉悟的菩萨时,我这样想:'在家生活拥挤嘈杂,是尘俗之道。出家生活空旷开阔。在家生活很难完全圆满地修习清净梵行。我何不剃除须发,披上袈裟,从家庭生活出家,过无家的生活?'
后来,婆罗豆婆遮,我还年轻,头发乌黑,正值青春年华,人生的第一阶段,虽然父母不愿意,泪流满面,但我还是剃除须发,披上袈裟,从家庭生活出家,过无家的生活。
出家后,我寻求善法,探求无上寂静的境界。我去见阿罗逻·迦罗摩,对他说:'朋友迦罗摩,我想在你的法和戒律中修习梵行。'阿罗逻·迦罗摩回答说:'贤者可以住下。像你这样的智者,不久就能亲身证知、实现并安住于导师的教法。'婆罗豆婆遮,我很快就学会了那个法。仅仅用嘴唇和舌头重复老师的话,我就能说'我知道,我看到'了,我和其他人一样。
但是,婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'阿罗逻·迦罗摩不仅仅是凭信仰就宣称他亲身证知、实现并安住于这个法。阿罗逻·迦罗摩肯定是真正知道、真正看到这个法。'于是我去见阿罗逻·迦罗摩,问他:'朋友迦罗摩,你宣称亲身证知、实现并安住于这个法,是到什么程度呢?'阿罗逻·迦罗摩回答说他已经证得无所有处定(无所有处解释,见第一百五十五章)。
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'不仅阿罗逻·迦罗摩有信心,我也有信心。不仅阿罗逻·迦罗摩有精进...念...定...慧,我也有慧。我何不努力实现阿罗逻·迦罗摩所说的他亲身证知、实现并安住的法呢?'不久,我就很快亲身证知、实现并安住于那个法。
然后我去见阿罗逻·迦罗摩,问他:'朋友迦罗摩,你宣称亲身证知、实现并安住的法,就是这个程度吗?''是的,朋友,我宣称亲身证知、实现并安住的法就是这个程度。''朋友,我也已经亲身证知、实现并安住于这个程度的法了。''朋友,我们真是有福气,真是幸运,能见到像你这样的同修!我所亲身证知、实现并宣称的法,你也亲身证知、实现并安住其中。你所亲身证知、实现并安住的法,我也亲身证知、实现并宣称。我所知道的法,你也知道。你所知道的法,我也知道。我是什么样子,你就是什么样子。你是什么样子,我就是什么样子。来吧,朋友,让我们一起领导这个团体吧!'就这样,婆罗豆婆遮,阿罗逻·迦罗摩是我的老师,却把我这个学生当作与他平等的人,并给予我最高的敬意。
但是,婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'这个法不能导向厌离、离欲、灭尽、平静、证悟、正觉、涅槃,它只能导致无所有处的投生。'于是我对这个法不满意,就离开了。
婆罗豆婆遮,我继续寻求善法,探求无上寂静的境界。我去见优陀迦·罗摩子,对他说:'朋友,我想在这个法和戒律中修习梵行。'优陀迦·罗摩子回答说:'贤者可以住下。像你这样的智者,不久就能亲身证知、实现并安住于导师的教法。'婆罗豆婆遮,我很快就学会了那个法。仅仅用嘴唇和舌头重复老师的话,我就能说'我知道,我看到'了,我和其他人一样。
但是,婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'罗摩不仅仅是凭信仰就宣称他亲身证知、实现并安住于这个法。罗摩肯定是真正知道、真正看到这个法。'于是我去见优陀迦·罗摩子,问他:'朋友,罗摩宣称亲身证知、实现并安住于这个法,是到什么程度呢?'优陀迦·罗摩子回答说罗摩已经证得非想非非想处定(非想非非想处解释,见第一百五十五章)。
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'不仅罗摩有信心,我也有信心。不仅罗摩有精进...念...定...慧,我也有慧。我何不努力实现罗摩所说的他亲身证知、实现并安住的法呢?'不久,我就很快亲身证知、实现并安住于那个法。
然后我去见优陀迦·罗摩子,问他:'朋友,罗摩宣称亲身证知、实现并安住的法,就是这个程度吗?''是的,朋友,罗摩宣称亲身证知、实现并安住的法就是这个程度。''朋友,我也已经亲身证知、实现并安住于这个程度的法了。''朋友,我们真是有福气,真是幸运,能见到像你这样的同修!罗摩所亲身证知、实现并宣称的法,你也亲身证知、实现并安住其中。你所亲身证知、实现并安住的法,罗摩也亲身证知、实现并宣称。罗摩所知道的法,你也知道。你所知道的法,罗摩也知道。罗摩是什么样子,你就是什么样子。你是什么样子,罗摩就是什么样子。来吧,朋友,你来领导这个团体吧!'就这样,婆罗豆婆遮,优陀迦·罗摩子是我的同修,却把我当作老师,并给予我最高的敬意。
但是,婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'这个法不能导向厌离、离欲、灭尽、平静、证悟、正觉、涅槃,它只能导致非想非非想处的投生。'于是我对这个法不满意,就离开了。
婆罗豆婆遮,我继续寻求善法,探求无上寂静的境界。我在摩揭陀国游行,最后来到了优楼频螺的西那尼村。在那里,我看到一处令人愉悦的地方,有美丽的树林,有清澈流动的河流,有适合沐浴的河滩,周围有村庄可以托钵。婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'这个地方真是令人愉悦,有美丽的树林,有清澈流动的河流,有适合沐浴的河滩,周围有村庄可以托钵。这里很适合一个想要精进修行的善男子努力用功。'婆罗豆婆遮,我就在那里坐下来,心想:'这里适合精进修行。'
婆罗豆婆遮,我想到了三个比喻,是我以前从未听过的。
婆罗豆婆遮,就像一根湿木,浸在水里。有人拿着钻木取火的工具来,想要生火。你认为他能成功吗?"
"不能,乔达摩先生。为什么呢?因为那是一根湿木,而且浸在水里。那个人只会徒劳无功。"
"同样地,婆罗豆婆遮,那些沙门或婆罗门,身心没有远离感官欲乐,他们对感官欲乐的贪欲、爱恋、迷恋、渴求和热恼还没有内在地彻底断除和平息。即使这些可敬的沙门和婆罗门体验到痛苦、剧烈、尖锐、剧烈的感受,他们也无法获得知见、无上正等正觉。即使这些可敬的沙门和婆罗门没有体验到痛苦、剧烈、尖锐、剧烈的感受,他们也无法获得知见、无上正等正觉。这是我想到的第一个比喻,是我以前从未听过的。
婆罗豆婆遮,我又想到第二个比喻,是我以前从未听过的。就像一根湿木,虽然放在陆地上但离水不远。有人拿着钻木取火的工具来,想要生火。你认为他能成功吗?"
"不能,乔达摩先生。为什么呢?因为那是一根湿木,虽然放在陆地上,但离水不远。那个人只会徒劳无功。"
"同样地,婆罗豆婆遮,那些沙门或婆罗门,虽然身体远离了感官欲乐,但心还没有远离。他们对感官欲乐的贪欲、爱恋、迷恋、渴求和热恼还没有内在地彻底断除和平息。即使这些可敬的沙门和婆罗门体验到痛苦、剧烈、尖锐、剧烈的感受,他们也无法获得知见、无上正等正觉。即使这些可敬的沙门和婆罗门没有体验到痛苦、剧烈、尖锐、剧烈的感受,他们也无法获得知见、无上正等正觉。这是我想到的第二个比喻,是我以前从未听过的。
婆罗豆婆遮,我又想到第三个比喻,是我以前从未听过的。就像一根干木,放在远离水的陆地上。有人拿着钻木取火的工具来,想要生火。你认为他能成功吗?"
"能,乔达摩先生。为什么呢?因为那是一根干木,而且放在远离水的陆地上。"
"同样地,婆罗豆婆遮,那些沙门或婆罗门,身心都已远离感官欲乐,他们对感官欲乐的贪欲、爱恋、迷恋、渴求和热恼已经内在地彻底断除和平息。即使这些可敬的沙门和婆罗门体验到痛苦、剧烈、尖锐、剧烈的感受,他们也能获得知见、无上正等正觉。即使这些可敬的沙门和婆罗门没有体验到痛苦、剧烈、尖锐、剧烈的感受,他们也能获得知见、无上正等正觉。这是我想到的第三个比喻,是我以前从未听过的。这就是我想到的三个比喻,是我以前从未听过的。
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'我何不咬紧牙关,舌抵上颚,用意志压制、降伏、征服我的心呢?'于是我咬紧牙关,舌抵上颚,用意志压制、降伏、征服我的心。当我这样做时,我的腋下流出汗水。就像一个强壮的人抓住一个较弱的人的头或肩膀,压制他、降伏他、征服他,同样地,当我咬紧牙关,舌抵上颚,用意志压制、降伏、征服我的心时,我的腋下流出汗水。但是我的精进不懈怠,念力现前不忘失,只是我的身体因为这种痛苦的努力而紧张、不能放松。
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'我何不修习不呼吸的禅定呢?'于是我停止了口鼻的呼吸。当我这样做时,我的耳朵里有巨大的风声。就像铁匠的风箱被吹动时发出巨大的声音,同样地,当我停止口鼻的呼吸时,我的耳朵里有巨大的风声。但是我的精进不懈怠,念力现前不忘失,只是我的身体因为这种痛苦的努力而紧张、不能放松。
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'我何不继续修习不呼吸的禅定呢?'于是我停止了口鼻和耳朵的呼吸。当我这样做时,剧烈的风冲击我的头顶。就像一个强壮的人用锋利的剑刺穿头颅,同样地,当我停止口鼻和耳朵的呼吸时,剧烈的风冲击我的头顶。但是我的精进不懈怠,念力现前不忘失,只是我的身体因为这种痛苦的努力而紧张、不能放松。
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'我何不继续修习不呼吸的禅定呢?'于是我停止了口鼻和耳朵的呼吸。当我这样做时,我的头部感到剧烈的疼痛。就像一个强壮的人用皮带紧紧地缠绕头部,同样地,当我停止口鼻和耳朵的呼吸时,我的头部感到剧烈的疼痛。但是我的精进不懈怠,念力现前不忘失,只是我的身体因为这种痛苦的努力而紧张、不能放松。
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'我何不继续修习不呼吸的禅定呢?'于是我停止了口鼻和耳朵的呼吸。当我这样做时,剧烈的风切割我的腹部。就像一个熟练的屠夫或他的学徒用锋利的屠刀切开牛腹,同样地,当我停止口鼻和耳朵的呼吸时,剧烈的风切割我的腹部。但是我的精进不懈怠,念力现前不忘失,只是我的身体因为这种痛苦的努力而紧张、不能放松。
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'我何不继续修习不呼吸的禅定呢?'于是我停止了口鼻和耳朵的呼吸。当我这样做时,我全身感到剧烈的灼热。就像两个强壮的人抓住一个较弱的人的手臂,在炭火坑上烤他、烧他,同样地,当我停止口鼻和耳朵的呼吸时,我全身感到剧烈的灼热。但是我的精进不懈怠,念力现前不忘失,只是我的身体因为这种痛苦的努力而紧张、不能放松。
婆罗豆婆遮,当时有些天神看到我,说:'沙门乔达摩已经死了。'其他天神说:'沙门乔达摩还没有死,但快要死了。'还有一些天神说:'沙门乔达摩没有死,也不会死。他是阿罗汉,这只是阿罗汉的一种生活状态。'
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'我何不完全断绝食物呢?'然后有些天神来对我说:'善者,请不要完全断绝食物。如果你这样做,我们会通过毛孔给你输送天界的营养(天界解释,见第八百零五章),你可以靠这个活下去。'我心想:'如果我声称完全禁食,而这些天神又通过毛孔给我输送天界的营养,让我活下去,那我就是在说谎了。'所以我拒绝了那些天神,说:'不必了。'
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'我何不少量少量地进食,每次只吃一掌的豆汤、或扁豆汤、或蚕豆汤、或豌豆汤呢?'于是我少量少量地进食,每次只吃一掌的豆汤、或扁豆汤、或蚕豆汤、或豌豆汤。当我这样做时,我的身体变得极度消瘦。我的四肢就像节节枯萎的藤蔓。我的臀部就像骆驼的蹄。我的脊椎就像一串珠子,一节节突出。我的肋骨就像一间破旧房子的椽子,东倒西歪。我的眼睛深陷眼窝,就像深井中的水星。我的头皮皱缩干裂,就像青涩的葫芦被太阳晒干。如果我想触摸腹皮,却摸到了脊椎;如果我想触摸脊椎,却摸到了腹皮。我的腹皮都贴到脊椎上了。如果我想大小便,就会跌倒在那里。如果我用手摸身体,脱落的体毛就会掉下来,都是因为营养不良。
婆罗豆婆遮,有人看到我,就说:'沙门乔达摩是黑色的。'有人说:'沙门乔达摩不是黑色的,是棕色的。'有人说:'沙门乔达摩既不是黑色也不是棕色,是金色的。'我的皮肤曾经那么纯净明亮,现在因为极度营养不良而变成这样。
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'过去的沙门或婆罗门,无论经历了多么痛苦、剧烈、尖锐、难忍的感受,这就是极限了,不会更多了。未来的沙门或婆罗门,无论将经历多么痛苦、剧烈、尖锐、难忍的感受,这就是极限了,不会更多了。现在的沙门或婆罗门,无论正在经历多么痛苦、剧烈、尖锐、难忍的感受,这就是极限了,不会更多了。但是通过这种严酷的苦行,我并没有达到任何超越凡夫的殊胜智见。是否还有另一条通向觉悟的道路呢?'
婆罗豆婆遮,我回忆起很久以前,在我父亲释迦族人工作时,我坐在凉爽的阎浮树荫下,离开了感官欲乐,离开了不善法,进入并安住于具有寻、伺,由离生喜、乐的初禅(有寻有伺解释,见第八百八十九章;初禅解释,见第一百五十五章)。我心想:'这会不会就是通向觉悟的道路?'接着,以这记忆为基础,我意识到:'这就是通向觉悟的道路。'
婆罗豆婆遮,我又想:'我为什么要害怕那种离开感官欲乐、离开不善法的快乐呢?'我心想:'我不应该害怕那种离开感官欲乐、离开不善法的快乐。'
婆罗豆婆遮,我心想:'现在我的身体已经极度消瘦,不容易获得那种快乐。我何不摄取一些粗食,比如煮熟的米饭和粥呢?'于是我开始摄取粗食,煮熟的米饭和粥。
当时,五比丘一直跟随着我,心想:'如果沙门乔达摩证得任何法,他会告诉我们的。'但是当我开始摄取粗食,煮熟的米饭和粥时,那五比丘对我失望了,离开了我,说:'沙门乔达摩生活奢侈了,放弃了精进,回到奢侈的生活。'
婆罗豆婆遮,当我摄取了粗食,恢复了体力后,我离开了感官欲乐,离开了不善法,进入并安住于具有寻、伺,由离生喜、乐的初禅。寻、伺平息后,我进入并安住于内心宁静、心一境性,无寻、无伺,定生喜、乐的第二禅(第二禅解释:即是二禅,见第一百五十五章)。离喜之后,我安住于舍、念、正知,身受乐,进入并安住于圣者所说的'舍、念、乐住'的第三禅(三禅解释,见第一百五十五章)。舍弃乐与苦,先前的喜忧已灭,我进入并安住于不苦不乐,舍、念清净的第四禅(四禅解释,见第一百五十五章)。
当我的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕、离垢、柔软、适业、稳固、不动摇时,我引导心倾向宿命随念智(宿命随念智解释:五通之一,六通之一。又作宿住随念智通、宿住智通、宿命智通、宿命通证、识宿命通、宿住通、宿命通。谓能随意知悉自己宿昔住世之生死,姓名、寿命、苦乐等之通力。此智以慧为自性,随忆念之势力,能知诸过去生于欲、色界中之自他有漏五蕴,故称宿住随念智;又此智因依色引发,故唯局限于欲、色界,不通无色界。能忆之劫数)。我忆念起许多前世:一生、两生、三生、四生、五生、十生、二十生、三十生、四十生、五十生、一百生、一千生、十万生、许多坏劫、许多成劫、许多坏劫和成劫(劫解释:指的是一个极其漫长的时间周期,通常用来描述宇宙的生成、存在和毁灭的循环,一劫通常指一个大劫,也就是一个完整的宇宙生灭周期)。在那里,我有如是名、如是姓、如是种姓、如是食物、如是苦乐的经历、如是寿命的尽头。我从那里死后,又生到那里。在那里,我又有如是名、如是姓、如是种姓、如是食物、如是苦乐的经历、如是寿命的尽头。从那里死后,又生到这里。就这样,我回忆起许多前世的种种细节和特征。婆罗豆婆遮,在夜晚的第一个时分,我获得了第一明,无明被破除,明出现了,黑暗消散,光明出现,就像一个不放逸、热忱、自励的人那样。
当我的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕、离垢、柔软、适业、稳固、不动摇时,我引导心倾向有情死生智(有情解释:有生命和情感的生命体)。我以清净超人的天眼,看见有情众生死时生时,看见他们随业力而投生(业力解释:是指一个人的行为,身、口、意所产生的能量或力量,每个行为都会产生相应的结果,善行产生善果,恶行产生恶果,影响个人的性格、处境、际遇等,可能延续到来世,影响轮回),有优劣、美丑、善趣、恶趣。我了知这些有情:这些有情具足身恶行、语恶行、意恶行,诽谤圣者,持邪见,行邪见业,他们身坏命终后,生于恶趣、恶道、地狱中。这些有情具足身善行、语善行、意善行,不诽谤圣者,持正见,行正见业,他们身坏命终后,生于善趣、天界中。就这样,我以清净超人的天眼,看见有情众生死时生时,看见他们随业力而投生,有优劣、美丑、善趣、恶趣。婆罗豆婆遮,在夜晚的中分,我获得了第二明,无明被破除,明出现了,黑暗消散,光明出现,就像一个不放逸、热忱、自励的人那样。
当我的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕、离垢、柔软、适业、稳固、不动摇时,我引导心倾向漏尽智(漏尽智解释:断尽一切烦恼之阿罗汉智也)。我如实了知:'这是苦','这是苦的生起','这是苦的灭尽','这是导向苦灭的道路'。我如实了知:'这是漏(漏解释:烦恼)','这是漏的生起','这是漏的灭尽','这是导向漏灭的道路'。当我如是知、如是见时,我的心从欲漏、有漏、无明漏中解脱(欲漏解释:欲望,贪欲的烦恼;有漏解释:存在,有执着的烦恼;无明漏解释:无知的烦恼)。在解脱时,生起了解脱智:'生已尽,梵行已立,所作已办,不受后有。'婆罗豆婆遮,在夜晚的后分,我获得了第三明(三明解释:三明是佛教中的一个重要概念,指的是佛陀或阿罗汉所具备的三种殊胜智慧。这三种智慧被认为是修行者达到最高境界的标志。1. 宿命明:这是能够了知自己和他人过去生命的能力,修行者能够回忆起自己和其他众生的前世,包括出生地、姓名、种族、生活经历等,这种能力帮助修行者理解因果关系和轮回的本质。2. 天眼明:又称"死生明",是能够看到众生死亡和重生过程的能力。修行者能够观察到众生如何根据自己的业力在六道中轮回。这种洞察力加深了对因果法则的理解。3. 漏尽明:这是最重要的一种智慧,指彻底断除一切烦恼和无明的能力。"漏"指导致轮回的烦恼和无明。通过这种智慧,修行者完全了知四圣谛,断除所有烦恼,获得解脱。这三种智慧被认为是佛陀和阿罗汉所具有的殊胜能力,代表了修行的最高成就。在佛教修行中,"三明"不仅是一种能力的展现,更重要的是它们象征着对宇宙真理的深刻理解和个人修行的圆满完成;四圣谛解释,见第九百三十二章),无明被破除,明出现了,黑暗消散,光明出现,就像一个不放逸、热忱、自励的人那样。"
听到这番话后,桑格拉瓦年轻婆罗门对世尊说:"乔达摩尊者的精进确实坚定,乔达摩尊者的精进确实是真正的精进,就像一位阿罗汉、正等正觉者那样。乔达摩先生,有天神吗?"
"婆罗豆婆遮,我确实知道有天神。"
"但是,乔达摩先生,当被问到'有天神吗?'时,你却回答说'我确实知道有天神。'难道这不是虚假和虚妄的吗?"
"婆罗豆婆遮,如果有人被问到'有天神吗?'时回答说'有天神',或者说'我知道有天神',那么一个明智的人就会得出明确的结论:'有天神'。"
"那为什么乔达摩先生一开始不直接这样回答呢?"
"婆罗豆婆遮,在这个世界上,'有天神'是公认的事实。"
听到这番话后,桑格拉瓦年轻婆罗门对世尊说:"太奇妙了,乔达摩先生!太不可思议了,乔达摩先生!就像有人扶起摔倒的东西,揭开被遮蔽的东西,为迷路的人指明道路,在黑暗中举起油灯,让有眼睛的人能看见形色(色解释:物质事物)。同样地,乔达摩先生以种种方便开示了法。我现在皈依乔达摩先生、法和比丘僧团。愿乔达摩先生接受我为优婆塞(优婆塞解释:没有出家,在家修行的男居士),从今天起终生皈依。"
《桑格拉瓦经》结束。
这是《中部》第五品《婆罗门品》的第十经。
这一品的摘要是:
梵摩、舍利、阿摄罗延、乔达摩俱、
遮迦罗、般茶、檀那迦尼、婆悉咤、须婆、桑格拉瓦。
以下是《中部》五十经的摘要:
居士品、比丘品、游行者品、
王品和婆罗门品,这就是《中部》。
《中分五十经》结束。
巴利语原版经文
MN.100/(10) Saṅgāravasuttaṃ
473. Evaṃ me sutaṃ– ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā kosalesu cārikaṃ carati mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ. Tena kho pana samayena dhanañjānī nāma brāhmaṇī cañcalikappe paṭivasati abhippasannā buddhe ca dhamme ca saṅghe ca. Atha kho dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī upakkhalitvā tikkhattuṃ udānaṃ udānesi– “Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa. Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa. Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassā”ti.
Tena kho pana samayena saṅgāravo nāma māṇavo cañcalikappe paṭivasati tiṇṇaṃ vedānaṃ pāragū sanighaṇḍukeṭubhānaṃ sākkharappabhedānaṃ itihāsapañcamānaṃ padako, veyyākaraṇo, lokāyatamahāpurisalakkhaṇesu anavayo. Assosi kho saṅgāravo māṇavo dhanañjāniyā brāhmaṇiyā evaṃ vācaṃ bhāsamānāya. Sutvā dhanañjāniṃ brāhmaṇiṃ etadavoca– “avabhūtāva ayaṃ dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī, parabhūtāva ayaṃ dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī, vijjamānānaṃ (tevijjānaṃ) brāhmaṇānaṃ, atha ca pana tassa muṇḍakassa samaṇakassa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsissatī”ti. “Na hi pana tvaṃ, tāta bhadramukha, tassa bhagavato sīlapaññāṇaṃ jānāsi. Sace tvaṃ, tāta bhadramukha, tassa bhagavato sīlapaññāṇaṃ jāneyyāsi, na tvaṃ, tāta bhadramukha, taṃ bhagavantaṃ akkositabbaṃ paribhāsitabbaṃ maññeyyāsī”ti. “Tena hi, bhoti, yadā samaṇo gotamo cañcalikappaṃ anuppatto hoti atha me āroceyyāsī”ti. “Evaṃ, bhadramukhā”ti kho dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī saṅgāravassa māṇavassa paccassosi.
Atha kho bhagavā kosalesu anupubbena cārikaṃ caramāno yena cañcalikappaṃ tadavasari. Tatra sudaṃ bhagavā cañcalikappe viharati todeyyānaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ ambavane. Assosi kho dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī– “bhagavā kira cañcalikappaṃ anuppatto, cañcalikappe viharati todeyyānaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ ambavane”ti. Atha kho dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī yena saṅgāravo māṇavo tenupasaṅkami upasaṅkamitvā saṅgāravaṃ māṇavaṃ etadavoca– “ayaṃ, tāta bhadramukha, so bhagavā cañcalikappaṃ anuppatto, cañcalikappe viharati todeyyānaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ ambavane. Yassadāni, tāta bhadramukha, kālaṃ maññasī”ti.
474. “Evaṃ, bho”ti kho saṅgāravo māṇavo dhanañjāniyā brāhmaṇiyā paṭissutvā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho saṅgāravo māṇavo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “santi kho, bho gotama, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti. Tatra, bho gotama, ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti, tesaṃ bhavaṃ gotamo katamo”ti? “Diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattānaṃ, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānantānampi kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, vemattaṃ vadāmi. Santi, bhāradvāja, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā anussavikā. Te anussavena diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti; seyyathāpi brāhmaṇā tevijjā. Santi pana, bhāradvāja, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā kevalaṃ saddhāmattakena diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti; seyyathāpi takkī vīmaṃsī. Santi, bhāradvāja, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu sāmaṃyeva dhammaṃ abhiññāya diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti. Tatra, bhāradvāja, ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu sāmaṃyeva dhammaṃ abhiññāya diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti, tesāhamasmi. Tadamināpetaṃ, bhāradvāja, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ, yathā ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu sāmaṃyeva dhammaṃ abhiññāya diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti, tesāhamasmi.
475. “Idha me, bhāradvāja, pubbeva sambodhā anabhisambuddhassa bodhisattasseva sato etadahosi– ‘sambādho gharāvāso rajāpatho, abbhokāso pabbajjā. Nayidaṃ sukaraṃ agāraṃ ajjhāvasatā ekantaparipuṇṇaṃ ekantaparisuddhaṃ saṅkhalikhitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ carituṃ. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajeyyan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, aparena samayena daharova samāno susukāḷakeso bhadrena yobbanena samannāgato paṭhamena vayasā akāmakānaṃ mātāpitūnaṃ assumukhānaṃ rudantānaṃ kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajiṃ. So evaṃ pabbajito samāno kiṃkusalagavesī anuttaraṃ santivarapadaṃ pariyesamāno yena āḷāro kālāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā āḷāraṃ kālāmaṃ etadavocaṃ– ‘icchāmahaṃ, āvuso kālāma, imasmiṃ dhammavinaye brahmacariyaṃ caritun’ti. Evaṃ vutte, bhāradvāja, āḷāro kālāmo maṃ etadavoca– ‘viharatāyasmā. Tādiso ayaṃ dhammo yattha viññū puriso nacirasseva sakaṃ ācariyakaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihareyyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇiṃ. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, tāvatakeneva oṭṭhapahatamattena lapitalāpanamattena ‘ñāṇavādañca vadāmi, theravādañca jānāmi, passāmī’ti ca paṭijānāmi, ahañceva aññe ca. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘na kho āḷāro kālāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ kevalaṃ saddhāmattakena sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedeti; addhā āḷāro kālāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ jānaṃ passaṃ viharatī’ti.
“Atha khvāhaṃ, bhāradvāja, yena āḷāro kālāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā āḷāraṃ kālāmaṃ etadavocaṃ– ‘kittāvatā no, āvuso kālāma, imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesī’ti? Evaṃ vutte, bhāradvāja, āḷāro kālāmo ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ pavedesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘na kho āḷārasseva kālāmassa atthi saddhā, mayhaṃpatthi saddhā; na kho āḷārasseva kālāmassa atthi vīriyaṃ …pe… sati… samādhi… paññā, mayhaṃpatthi paññā. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ yaṃ dhammaṃ āḷāro kālāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedeti tassa dhammassa sacchikiriyāya padaheyyan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihāsiṃ. Atha khvāhaṃ, bhāradvāja, yena āḷāro kālāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā āḷāraṃ kālāmaṃ etadavocaṃ– ‘ettāvatā no, āvuso kālāma, imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesī’ti? ‘Ettāvatā kho ahaṃ, āvuso, imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedemī’ti. ‘Ahampi kho, āvuso, ettāvatā imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmī’ti. ‘Lābhā no, āvuso, suladdhaṃ no, āvuso, ye mayaṃ āyasmantaṃ tādisaṃ sabrahmacāriṃ passāma. Iti yāhaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedemi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi; yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi tamahaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedemi. Iti yāhaṃ dhammaṃ jānāmi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi, yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi tamahaṃ dhammaṃ jānāmi Iti yādiso ahaṃ tādiso tuvaṃ, yādiso tuvaṃ tādiso ahaṃ. Ehi dāni, āvuso, ubhova santā imaṃ gaṇaṃ pariharāmā’ti. Iti kho, bhāradvāja, āḷāro kālāmo ācariyo me samāno attano antevāsiṃ maṃ samānaṃ attanā samasamaṃ ṭhapesi, uḷārāya ca maṃ pūjāya pūjesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘nāyaṃ dhammo nibbidāya na virāgāya na nirodhāya na upasamāya na abhiññāya na sambodhāya na nibbānāya saṃvattati, yāvadeva ākiñcaññāyatanūpapattiyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, taṃ dhammaṃ analaṅkaritvā tasmā dhammā nibbijja apakkamiṃ.
476. “So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, kiṃkusalagavesī anuttaraṃ santivarapadaṃ pariyesamāno yena udako rāmaputto tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā udakaṃ rāmaputtaṃ etadavocaṃ– ‘icchāmahaṃ, āvuso, imasmiṃ dhammavinaye brahmacariyaṃ caritun’ti. Evaṃ vutte, bhāradvāja, udako rāmaputto maṃ etadavoca– ‘viharatāyasmā. Tādiso ayaṃ dhammo yattha viññū puriso nacirasseva sakaṃ ācariyakaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihareyyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇiṃ. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, tāvatakeneva oṭṭhapahatamattena lapitalāpanamattena ‘ñāṇavādañca vadāmi, theravādañca jānāmi, passāmī’ti ca paṭijānāmi, ahañceva aññe ca Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘na kho rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ kevalaṃ saddhāmattakena sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesi; addhā rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ jānaṃ passaṃ vihāsī’ti. Atha khvāhaṃ, bhāradvāja, yena udako rāmaputto tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā udakaṃ rāmaputtaṃ etadavocaṃ– ‘kittāvatā no, āvuso, rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesī’ti? Evaṃ vutte, bhāradvāja, udako rāmaputto nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ pavedesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘na kho rāmasseva ahosi saddhā, mayhaṃpatthi saddhā; na kho rāmasseva ahosi vīriyaṃ …pe… sati… samādhi… paññā, mayhaṃpatthi paññā. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ yaṃ dhammaṃ rāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesi tassa dhammassa sacchikiriyāya padaheyyan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihāsiṃ.
“Atha khvāhaṃ, bhāradvāja, yena udako rāmaputto tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā udakaṃ rāmaputtaṃ etadavocaṃ– ‘ettāvatā no, āvuso, rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesī’ti? ‘Ettāvatā kho, āvuso, rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesī’ti. ‘Ahampi kho, āvuso, ettāvatā imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmī’ti. ‘Lābhā no, āvuso, suladdhaṃ no, āvuso, ye mayaṃ āyasmantaṃ tādisaṃ sabrahmacāriṃ passāma. Iti yaṃ dhammaṃ rāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi; yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi taṃ dhammaṃ rāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesi. Iti yaṃ dhammaṃ rāmo abhiññāsi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi, yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi taṃ dhammaṃ rāmo abhiññāsi. Iti yādiso rāmo ahosi tādiso tuvaṃ, yādiso tuvaṃ tādiso rāmo ahosi. Ehi dāni, āvuso, tuvaṃ imaṃ gaṇaṃ pariharā’ti. Iti kho, bhāradvāja, udako rāmaputto sabrahmacārī me samāno ācariyaṭṭhāne maṃ ṭhapesi, uḷārāya ca maṃ pūjāya pūjesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘nāyaṃ dhammo nibbidāya na virāgāya na nirodhāya na upasamāya na abhiññāya na sambodhāya na nibbānāya saṃvattati, yāvadeva nevasaññānāsaññāyatanūpapattiyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, taṃ dhammaṃ analaṅkaritvā tasmā dhammā nibbijja apakkamiṃ.
477. “So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, kiṃkusalagavesī anuttaraṃ santivarapadaṃ pariyesamāno magadhesu anupubbena cārikaṃ caramāno yena uruveḷā senānigamo tadavasariṃ. Tatthaddasaṃ ramaṇīyaṃ bhūmibhāgaṃ, pāsādikañca vanasaṇḍaṃ, nadiñca sandantiṃ setakaṃ supatitthaṃ ramaṇīyaṃ, samantā ca gocaragāmaṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘ramaṇīyo vata, bho, bhūmibhāgo, pāsādiko ca vanasaṇḍo, nadī ca sandati setakā supatitthā ramaṇīyā, samantā ca gocaragāmo. Alaṃ vatidaṃ kulaputtassa padhānatthikassa padhānāyā’ti So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, tattheva nisīdiṃ– ‘alamidaṃ padhānāyā’ti. Apissu maṃ, bhāradvāja, tisso upamā paṭibhaṃsu anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā.
“Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ udake nikkhittaṃ. Atha puriso āgaccheyya uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya– ‘aggiṃ abhinibbattessāmi, tejo pātukarissāmī’ti. Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, bhāradvāja, api nu so puriso amuṃ allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ udake nikkhittaṃ uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya abhimanthento aggiṃ abhinibbatteyya, tejo pātukareyyā”ti? “No hidaṃ, bho gotama. Taṃ kissa hetu? Aduñhi, bho gotama, allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ, tañca pana udake nikkhittaṃ; yāvadeva ca pana so puriso kilamathassa vighātassa bhāgī assā”ti. “Evameva kho, bhāradvāja, ye hi keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā kāyena ceva cittena ca kāmehi avūpakaṭṭhā viharanti, yo ca nesaṃ kāmesu kāmacchando kāmasneho kāmamucchā kāmapipāsā kāmapariḷāho so ca ajjhattaṃ na suppahīno hoti na suppaṭippassaddho, opakkamikā cepi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, abhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. No capi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti abhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. Ayaṃ kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, paṭhamā upamā paṭibhāsi anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā.
478. “Aparāpi kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, dutiyā upamā paṭibhāsi anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ ārakā udakā thale nikkhittaṃ. Atha puriso āgaccheyya uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya– ‘aggiṃ abhinibbattessāmi, tejo pātukarissāmī’ti. Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, bhāradvāja, api nu so puriso amuṃ allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ ārakā udakā thale nikkhittaṃ uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya abhimanthento aggiṃ abhinibbatteyya tejo pātukareyyā”ti? “No hidaṃ, bho gotama. Taṃ kissa hetu? Aduñhi, bho gotama, allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ, kiñcāpi ārakā udakā thale nikkhittaṃ; yāvadeva ca pana so puriso kilamathassa vighātassa bhāgī assā”ti. “Evameva kho, bhāradvāja, ye hi keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā kāyena ceva cittena ca kāmehi vūpakaṭṭhā viharanti, yo ca nesaṃ kāmesu kāmacchando kāmasneho kāmamucchā kāmapipāsā kāmapariḷāho so ca ajjhattaṃ na suppahīno hoti na suppaṭippassaddho, opakkamikā cepi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, abhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. No cepi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, abhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. Ayaṃ kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, dutiyā upamā paṭibhāsi anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā.
479. “Aparāpi kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, tatiyā upamā paṭibhāsi anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, sukkhaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ koḷāpaṃ ārakā udakā thale nikkhittaṃ. Atha puriso āgaccheyya uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya– ‘aggiṃ abhinibbattessāmi, tejo pātukarissāmī’ti. Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, bhāradvāja, api nu so puriso amuṃ sukkhaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ koḷāpaṃ ārakā udakā thale nikkhittaṃ uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya abhimanthento aggiṃ abhinibbatteyya, tejo pātukareyyā”ti? “Evaṃ bho gotama. Taṃ kissa hetu? Aduñhi, bho gotama, sukkhaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ koḷāpaṃ, tañca pana ārakā udakā thale nikkhittan”ti. “Evameva kho, bhāradvāja, ye hi keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā kāyena ceva cittena ca kāmehi vūpakaṭṭhā viharanti, yo ca nesaṃ kāmesu kāmacchando kāmasneho kāmamucchā kāmapipāsā kāmapariḷāho so ca ajjhattaṃ suppahīno hoti suppaṭippassaddho, opakkamikā cepi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, bhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. No cepi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, bhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. Ayaṃ kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, tatiyā upamā paṭibhāsi anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā. Imā kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, tisso upamā paṭibhaṃsu anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā.
480. “Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ dantebhidantamādhāya, jivhāya tāluṃ āhacca, cetasā cittaṃ abhiniggaṇheyyaṃ abhinippīḷeyyaṃ abhisantāpeyyan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, dantebhidantamādhāya, jivhāya tāluṃ āhacca, cetasā cittaṃ abhiniggaṇhāmi abhinippīḷemi abhisantāpemi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, dantebhidantamādhāya, jivhāya tāluṃ āhacca, cetasā cittaṃ abhiniggaṇhato abhinippīḷayato abhisantāpayato kacchehi sedā muccanti. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, balavā puriso dubbalataraṃ purisaṃ sīse vā gahetvā khandhe vā gahetvā abhiniggaṇheyya abhinippīḷeyya abhisantāpeyya, evameva kho me, bhāradvāja, dantebhidantamādhāya, jivhāya tāluṃ āhacca, cetasā cittaṃ abhiniggaṇhato abhinippīḷayato abhisantāpayato kacchehi sedā muccanti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ, upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā; sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato.
481. “Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ appāṇakaṃyeva jhānaṃ jhāyeyyan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca assāsapassāse uparundhiṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu kaṇṇasotehi vātānaṃ nikkhamantānaṃ adhimatto saddo hoti. Seyyathāpi nāma kammāragaggariyā dhamamānāya adhimatto saddo hoti, evameva kho me, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu kaṇṇasotehi vātānaṃ nikkhamantānaṃ adhimatto saddo hoti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ, upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā; sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato.
“Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ appāṇakaṃyeva jhānaṃ jhāyeyyan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāse uparundhiṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā vātā muddhani ūhananti. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, balavā puriso, tiṇhena sikharena muddhani abhimattheyya, evameva kho me, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā vātā muddhani ūhananti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā; sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato.
“Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ appāṇakaṃyeva jhānaṃ jhāyeyyan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāse uparundhiṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā sīse sīsavedanā honti. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, balavā puriso daḷhena varattakkhaṇḍena sīse sīsaveṭhaṃ dadeyya, evameva kho, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā sīse sīsavedanā honti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ, upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā; sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato.
“Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ appāṇakaṃyeva jhānaṃ jhāyeyyan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāse uparundhiṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā vātā kucchiṃ parikantanti. Seyyathāpi bhāradvāja, dakkho goghātako vā goghātakantevāsī vā tiṇhena govikantanena kucchiṃ parikanteyya, evameva kho me, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā vātā kucchiṃ parikantanti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā; sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato.
“Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ appāṇakaṃyeva jhānaṃ jhāyeyyan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāse uparundhiṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimatto kāyasmiṃ ḍāho hoti. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, dve balavanto purisā dubbalataraṃ purisaṃ nānābāhāsu gahetvā aṅgārakāsuyā santāpeyyuṃ samparitāpeyyuṃ, evameva kho me, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimatto kāyasmiṃ ḍāho hoti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ, upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā, sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato. Apissu maṃ, bhāradvāja, devatā disvā evamāhaṃsu– ‘kālaṅkato samaṇo gotamo’ti. Ekaccā devatā evamāhaṃsu– ‘na kālaṅkato samaṇo gotamo, api ca kālaṅkarotī’ti. Ekaccā devatā evamāhaṃsu – ‘na kālaṅkato samaṇo gotamo, nāpi kālaṅkaroti; arahaṃ samaṇo gotamo, vihārotveva so arahato evarūpo hotī’ti.
“Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ sabbaso āhārupacchedāya paṭipajjeyyan’ti. Atha kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, devatā upasaṅkamitvā etadavocuṃ– ‘mā kho tvaṃ, mārisa, sabbaso āhārupacchedāya paṭipajji. Sace kho tvaṃ, mārisa, sabbaso āhārupacchedāya paṭipajjissasi, tassa te mayaṃ dibbaṃ ojaṃ lomakūpehi ajjhohāressāma. Tāya tvaṃ yāpessasī’ti. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘ahañceva kho pana sabbaso ajajjitaṃ paṭijāneyyaṃ, imā ca me devatā dibbaṃ ojaṃ lomakūpehi ajjhohāreyyuṃ, tāya cāhaṃ yāpeyyaṃ. Taṃ mamassa musā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, tā devatā paccācikkhāmi, ‘halan’ti vadāmi.
“Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ thokaṃ thokaṃ āhāraṃ āhāreyyaṃ pasataṃ pasataṃ yadi vā muggayūsaṃ, yadi vā kulatthayūsaṃ, yadi vā kaḷāyayūsaṃ, yadi vā hareṇukayūsan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, thokaṃ thokaṃ āhāraṃ āhāresiṃ pasataṃ pasataṃ, yadi vā muggayūsaṃ yadi vā kulatthayūsaṃ, yadi vā kaḷāyayūsaṃ, yadi vā hareṇukayūsaṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, thokaṃ thokaṃ āhāraṃ āhārayato pasataṃ pasataṃ, yadi vā muggayūsaṃ, yadi vā kulatthayūsaṃ, yadi vā kaḷāyayūsaṃ, yadi vā hareṇukayūsaṃ, adhimattakasimānaṃ patto kāyo hoti. Seyyathāpi nāma āsītikapabbāni vā kāḷapabbāni vā, evamevassu me aṅgapaccaṅgāni bhavanti tāyevappāhāratāya; seyyathāpi nāma oṭṭhapadaṃ, evamevassu me ānisadaṃ hoti tāyevappāhāratāya; seyyathāpi nāma vaṭṭanāvaḷī, evamevassu me piṭṭhikaṇṭako uṇṇatāvanato hoti tāyevappāhāratāya; seyyathāpi nāma jarasālāya gopānasiyo oluggaviluggā bhavanti, evamevassu me phāsuḷiyo oluggaviluggā bhavanti tāyevappāhāratāya; seyyathāpi nāma gambhīre udapāne udakatārakā gambhīragatā okkhāyikā dissanti, evamevassu me akkhikūpesu akkhitārakā gambhīragatā okkhāyikā dissanti tāyevappāhāratāya; seyyathāpi nāma tittakālābu āmakacchinno vātātapena saṃphuṭito hoti sammilāto, evamevassu me sīsacchavi saṃphuṭitā hoti sammilātā tāyevappāhāratāya. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, ‘udaracchaviṃ parimasissāmī’ti piṭṭhikaṇṭakaṃyeva pariggaṇhāmi, ‘piṭṭhikaṇṭakaṃ parimasissāmī’ti udaracchaviṃyeva pariggaṇhāmi; yāvassu me, bhāradvāja, udaracchavi piṭṭhikaṇṭakaṃ allīnā hoti tāyevappāhāratāya. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja ‘vaccaṃ vā muttaṃ vā karissāmī’ti tattheva avakujjo papatāmi tāyevappāhāratāya. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, imameva kāyaṃ assāsento pāṇinā gattāni anumajjāmi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, pāṇinā gattāni anumajjato pūtimūlāni lomāni kāyasmā papatanti tāyevappāhāratāya. Apissu maṃ, bhāradvāja, manussā disvā evamāhaṃsu– ‘kāḷo samaṇo gotamo’ti. Ekacce manussā evamāhaṃsu– ‘na kāḷo samaṇo gotamo, sāmo samaṇo gotamo’ti. Ekacce manussā evamāhaṃsu– ‘na kāḷo samaṇo gotamo napi sāmo, maṅguracchavi samaṇo gotamo’ti; yāvassu me, bhāradvāja, tāva parisuddho chavivaṇṇo pariyodāto upahato hoti tāyevappāhāratāya.
482. “Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘ye kho keci atītamaddhānaṃ samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayiṃsu etāvaparamaṃ, nayito bhiyyo; yepi hi keci anāgatamaddhānaṃ samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayissanti, etāvaparamaṃ, nayito bhiyyo; yepi hi keci etarahi samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, etāvaparamaṃ, nayito bhiyyo. Na kho panāhaṃ imāya kaṭukāya dukkarakārikāya adhigacchāmi uttari manussadhammā alamariyañāṇadassanavisesaṃ. Siyā nu kho añño maggo bodhāyā’ti Tassa mayhaṃ bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘abhijānāmi kho panāhaṃ pitu sakkassa kammante sītāya jambucchāyāya nisinno vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharitā. Siyā nu kho eso maggo bodhāyā’ti? Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, satānusāri viññāṇaṃ ahosi– ‘eseva maggo bodhāyā’ti. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘kiṃ nu kho ahaṃ tassa sukhassa bhāyāmi yaṃ taṃ sukhaṃ aññatreva kāmehi aññatra akusalehi dhammehī’ti? Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘na kho ahaṃ tassa sukhassa bhāyāmi yaṃ taṃ sukhaṃ aññatreva kāmehi aññatra akusalehi dhammehī’ti.
483. “Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi– ‘na kho taṃ sukaraṃ sukhaṃ adhigantuṃ evaṃ adhimattakasimānaṃ pattakāyena. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ oḷārikaṃ āhāraṃ āhāreyyaṃ odanakummāsan’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, oḷārikaṃ āhāraṃ āhāresiṃ odanakummāsaṃ. Tena kho pana maṃ, bhāradvāja, samayena pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū paccupaṭṭhitā honti– ‘yaṃ kho samaṇo gotamo dhammaṃ adhigamissati taṃ no ārocessatī’ti. Yato kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, oḷārikaṃ āhāraṃ āhāresiṃ odanakummāsaṃ, atha me te pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū nibbijja pakkamiṃsu– ‘bāhulliko samaṇo gotamo padhānavibbhanto āvatto bāhullāyā’ti.
“So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, oḷārikaṃ āhāraṃ āhāretvā balaṃ gahetvā vivicceva kāmehi …pe… paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja vihāsiṃ. Vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā ajjhattaṃ sampasādanaṃ cetaso ekodibhāvaṃ avitakkaṃ avicāraṃ samādhijaṃ pītisukhaṃ dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ… catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja vihāsiṃ.
“So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte pubbenivāsānussatiñāṇāya cittaṃ abhininnāmesiṃ. So anekavihitaṃ pubbenivāsaṃ anussarāmi, seyyathidaṃ– ekampi jātiṃ dvepi jātiyo …pe… iti sākāraṃ sa-uddesaṃ anekavihitaṃ pubbenivāsaṃ anussarāmi. Ayaṃ kho me, bhāradvāja, rattiyā paṭhame yāme paṭhamā vijjā adhigatā, avijjā vihatā, vijjā uppannā; tamo vihato, āloko uppanno; yathā taṃ appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato.
484. “So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte sattānaṃ cutūpapātañāṇāya cittaṃ abhininnāmesiṃ. So dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passāmi cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate yathākammūpage satte pajānāmi …pe… ayaṃ kho me, bhāradvāja, rattiyā majjhime yāme dutiyā vijjā adhigatā, avijjā vihatā, vijjā uppannā; tamo vihato, āloko uppanno; yathā taṃ appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato.
“So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte āsavānaṃ khayañāṇāya cittaṃ abhininnāmesiṃ. So ‘idaṃ dukkhan’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ dukkhasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ; ‘ime āsavā’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ āsavasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ āsavanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ āsavanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ. Tassa me evaṃ jānato evaṃ passato kāmāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccittha, bhavāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccittha, avijjāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccittha. Vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ ahosi. ‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti abbhaññāsiṃ. Ayaṃ kho me, bhāradvāja, rattiyā pacchime yāme tatiyā vijjā adhigatā, avijjā vihatā, vijjā uppannā; tamo vihato, āloko uppanno; yathā taṃ appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato”ti.
485. Evaṃ vutte, saṅgāravo māṇavo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “aṭṭhitavataṃ bhoto gotamassa padhānaṃ ahosi, sappurisavataṃ bhoto gotamassa padhānaṃ ahosi; yathā taṃ arahato sammāsambuddhassa. Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, atthi devā”ti ? “Ṭhānaso metaṃ, bhāradvāja, viditaṃ yadidaṃ– adhidevā”ti. “Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, ‘atthi devā’ti puṭṭho samāno ‘ṭhānaso metaṃ, bhāradvāja viditaṃ yadidaṃ adhidevā’ti vadesi. Nanu, bho gotama, evaṃ sante tucchā musā hotī”ti? “‘Atthi devā’ti, bhāradvāja, puṭṭho samāno ‘atthi devā’ti yo vadeyya, ‘ṭhānaso me viditā’ti yo vadeyya; atha khvettha viññunā purisena ekaṃsena niṭṭhaṃ gantabbaṃ yadidaṃ– ‘atthi devā’”ti. “Kissa pana me bhavaṃ gotamo ādikeneva na byākāsī”ti? “Uccena sammataṃ kho etaṃ, bhāradvāja, lokasmiṃ yadidaṃ– ‘atthi devā’”ti.
486. Evaṃ vutte, saṅgāravo māṇavo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama, abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama! Seyyathāpi, bho gotama, nikkujjitaṃ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṃ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṃ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya– cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantīti– evamevaṃ bhotā gotamena anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Esāhaṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañca. Upāsakaṃ maṃ bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ saraṇaṃ gatan”ti.
Saṅgāravasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ dasamaṃ.
Brāhmaṇavaggo niṭṭhito pañcamo.
Tassuddānaṃ–
Brahmāyu selassalāyano, ghoṭamukho ca brāhmaṇo;
Caṅkī esu dhanañjāni, vāseṭṭho subhagāravoti.
Idaṃ vaggānamuddānaṃ–
Vaggo gahapati bhikkhu, paribbājakanāmako;
Rājavaggo brāhmaṇoti, pañca majjhima-āgame.
Majjhimapaṇṇāsakaṃ samattaṃ.