第一千零五十七章 长爪经
中部74经/长爪经(游行者品[8])
这是我亲身听闻到的,一时,佛陀住在王舍城耆阇崛山的野猪洞中。这时,长爪游方者来到佛陀处。到了之后,与佛陀互相问候。寒暄毕,站在一旁。站在一旁的长爪游方者对佛陀说:"乔达摩先生,我持这样的见解:'一切我都不认同'。"
"火种,你持'一切我都不认同'这样的见解,你也不认同这个见解吗?"
"乔达摩先生,如果我认同这个见解,那也是一样,那也是一样。"
"火种,在这世间,比你多得多的人会这样说:'那也是一样,那也是一样'。他们既不舍弃那个见解,又执取其他见解。火种,在这世间,比你少得多的人会这样说:'那也是一样,那也是一样'。他们舍弃那个见解,不执取其他见解。火种,有些沙门婆罗门持这样的见解:'一切我都认同';有些沙门婆罗门持这样的见解:'一切我都不认同';还有些沙门婆罗门持这样的见解:'有些我认同,有些我不认同'。火种,其中那些持'一切我都认同'见解的沙门婆罗门,他们的见解接近贪欲、接近束缚、接近欢喜、接近执著、接近取著。火种,其中那些持'一切我都不认同'见解的沙门婆罗门,他们的见解接近无贪欲、接近无束缚、接近无欢喜、接近无执著、接近无取著。"
听到这番话,长爪游方者对佛陀说:"乔达摩先生赞扬我的见解,非常赞扬我的见解。"
"火种,其中那些持'有些我认同,有些我不认同'见解的沙门婆罗门,他们认同的见解接近贪欲、接近束缚、接近欢喜、接近执著、接近取著;他们不认同的见解接近无贪欲、接近无束缚、接近无欢喜、接近无执著、接近无取著。火种,其中那些持'一切我都认同'见解的沙门婆罗门,有智慧的人会这样思考:'我持"一切我都认同"这个见解,如果我坚持、执著、固守这个见解,宣称"只有这才是真实的,其他都是虚妄的",那么我将与两种人争论:一种是持"一切我都不认同"见解的沙门或婆罗门,另一种是持"有些我认同,有些我不认同"见解的沙门或婆罗门。我将与这两种人争论。有争论就有争执,有争执就有烦恼,有烦恼就有伤害。'他看到自己会有争论、争执、烦恼、伤害,于是舍弃那个见解,不执取其他见解。这就是舍弃这些见解的方法,这就是放下这些见解的方法。
"火种,其中那些持'一切我都不认同'见解的沙门婆罗门,有智慧的人会这样思考:'我持"一切我都不认同"这个见解,如果我坚持、执著、固守这个见解,宣称"只有这才是真实的,其他都是虚妄的",那么我将与两种人争论:一种是持"一切我都认同"见解的沙门或婆罗门,另一种是持"有些我认同,有些我不认同"见解的沙门或婆罗门。我将与这两种人争论。有争论就有争执,有争执就有烦恼,有烦恼就有伤害。'他看到自己会有争论、争执、烦恼、伤害,于是舍弃那个见解,不执取其他见解。这就是舍弃这些见解的方法,这就是放下这些见解的方法。
"火种,其中那些持'有些我认同,有些我不认同'见解的沙门婆罗门,有智慧的人会这样思考:'我持"有些我认同,有些我不认同"这个见解,如果我坚持、执著、固守这个见解,宣称"只有这才是真实的,其他都是虚妄的",那么我将与两种人争论:一种是持"一切我都认同"见解的沙门或婆罗门,另一种是持"一切我都不认同"见解的沙门或婆罗门。我将与这两种人争论。有争论就有争执,有争执就有烦恼,有烦恼就有伤害。'他看到自己会有争论、争执、烦恼、伤害,于是舍弃那个见解,不执取其他见解。这就是舍弃这些见解的方法,这就是放下这些见解的方法。
"火种,这个身体是由四大组成的(四大解释:即是地大,水大,火大,风大。地大:代表固体元素与坚硬、粗糙、重量等特性相关,在身体中,可以理解为骨骼、肌肉、器官等固态组织;水大:代表液体元素与流动、粘结、湿润等特性相关,在身体中,可以理解为血液、体液、唾液等液态物质;火大:代表热能元素与温度、成熟、消化等特性相关,在身体中,可以理解为体温、消化系统的热能等;风大:代表运动元素与移动、支撑、振动等特性相关,在身体中,可以理解为呼吸、血液循环、肠胃蠕动等动态过程),由父母所生,靠饭食长养,是无常的(无常解释:随时在变化,无法永恒存在,无法永远保持不变),需要涂抹、按摩,本性是破坏、消散的,应当视之为无常、苦、病、疮、箭、祸、疾、他、坏、空、无我。当他如此观察这个身体时,对身体的欲望、贪爱、依赖就会消除。
火种,有这三种感受:乐受、苦受、不苦不乐受。火种,当一个人感受乐受时,他不会感受苦受或不苦不乐受,他只感受乐受。当一个人感受苦受时,他不会感受乐受或不苦不乐受,他只感受苦受。当一个人感受不苦不乐受时,他不会感受乐受或苦受,他只感受不苦不乐受。火种,乐受是无常的、有为的、缘生的,是会灭尽的、衰败的、消失的、止息的。苦受也是无常的、有为的、缘生的,是会灭尽的、衰败的、消失的、止息的。不苦不乐受也是无常的、有为的、缘生的,是会灭尽的、衰败的、消失的、止息的。火种,多闻圣弟子如此观察,就会厌离乐受、厌离苦受、厌离不苦不乐受。因厌离而离贪,因离贪而解脱。在解脱时,他知道:'我已解脱。'他了知:'生已尽,梵行已立,所作已办,不受后有。'火种,如此心解脱的比丘不与任何人争论,不与任何人争执,只是用世间的语言而不执著。"
这时,尊者舍利弗站在世尊身后为世尊扇凉。尊者舍利弗心想:"世尊确实教导我们要以智慧舍弃这些法,善逝确实教导我们要以智慧放下这些法(善逝解释:善逝是佛陀十大尊号之一,通常被译为"善逝"或"善去"。这个称号有几层含义,完美地离去:指佛陀已经完全脱离了轮回,善巧地超越了生死。达到理想境界:意味着佛陀已经到达了最理想、最圆满的境界,即涅槃。善说妙法:"善"也可以理解为善巧、美好。这表示佛陀能够善巧地说法,引导众生。不复退转:指佛陀已经达到的觉悟状态是永恒的,不会再退转回凡夫状态。以最好的方式行走人生之路:比喻佛陀走过了最完美的人生之路,为众生树立了榜样)。"当尊者舍利弗如此思惟时,他的心因不执取而从诸漏中解脱(诸漏解释:各种烦恼)。
而长爪游方者生起了远尘离垢的法眼:"凡是生起的法,都是灭尽的法。"于是,长爪游方者已见法、得法、知法、深入法,度疑惑、离犹豫,在导师的教法中得到自信,不依赖他人,对佛陀说:"太奇妙了,乔达摩先生!太奇妙了,乔达摩先生!就像有人扶起摔倒的、揭开遮蔽的、为迷路者指路、在黑暗中举着油灯,让有眼之人能看见形色。同样地,乔达摩先生以种种方便开示法。乔达摩先生,我皈依佛、法、僧。愿乔达摩先生接受我为优婆塞,从今日起终生皈依。"
第四长爪经完。
巴利语原版经文
MN.74/(4) Dīghanakhasuttaṃ
201. Evaṃ me sutaṃ– ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā rājagahe viharati gijjhakūṭe pabbate sūkarakhatāyaṃ. Atha kho dīghanakho paribbājako yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Ekamantaṃ ṭhito kho dīghanakho paribbājako bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “ahañhi, bho gotama, evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi– ‘sabbaṃ me nakkhamatī’”ti. “Yāpi kho te esā, aggivessana, diṭṭhi– ‘sabbaṃ me nakkhamatī’ti, esāpi te diṭṭhi nakkhamatī”ti? “Esā ce me, bho gotama, diṭṭhi khameyya, taṃpassa tādisameva, taṃpassa tādisamevā”ti. “Ato kho te, aggivessana, bahū hi bahutarā lokasmiṃ ye evamāhaṃsu– ‘taṃpassa tādisameva, taṃpassa tādisamevā’ti. Te tañceva diṭṭhiṃ nappajahanti aññañca diṭṭhiṃ upādiyanti. Ato kho te, aggivessana, tanū hi tanutarā lokasmiṃ ye evamāhaṃsu– ‘taṃpassa tādisameva, taṃpassa tādisamevā’ti. Te tañceva diṭṭhiṃ pajahanti aññañca diṭṭhiṃ na upādiyanti. Santaggivessana, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino– ‘sabbaṃ me khamatī’ti; santaggivessana, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino– ‘sabbaṃ me nakkhamatī’ti; santaggivessana eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino– ‘ekaccaṃ me khamati, ekaccaṃ me nakkhamatī’ti. Tatraggivessana, ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino– ‘sabbaṃ me khamatī’ti tesamayaṃ diṭṭhi sārāgāya santike, saññogāya santike, abhinandanāya santike ajjhosānāya santike upādānāya santike; tatraggivessana ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino– ‘sabbaṃ me nakkhamatī’ti tesamayaṃ diṭṭhi asārāgāya santike, asaññogāya santike, anabhinandanāya santike, anajjhosānāya santike, anupādānāya santike”ti.
202. Evaṃ vutte, dīghanakho paribbājako bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “ukkaṃseti me bhavaṃ gotamo diṭṭhigataṃ, samukkaṃseti me bhavaṃ gotamo diṭṭhigatan”ti. “Tatraggivessana, ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino– ‘ekaccaṃ me khamati, ekaccaṃ me nakkhamatī’ti. Yā hi tesaṃ khamati sāyaṃ diṭṭhi sārāgāya santike, saññogāya santike, abhinandanāya santike, ajjhosānāya santike, upādānāya santike; yā hi tesaṃ nakkhamati sāyaṃ diṭṭhi asārāgāya santike, asaññogāya santike, anabhinandanāya santike, anajjhosānāya santike, anupādānāya santike. Tatraggivessana, ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino– ‘sabbaṃ me khamatī’ti tattha viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati ‘yā kho me ayaṃ diṭṭhi– sabbaṃ me khamatīti, imañce ahaṃ diṭṭhiṃ thāmasā parāmāsā abhinivissa vohareyyaṃ– idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti; dvīhi me assa viggaho– yo cāyaṃ samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi– sabbaṃ me nakkhamatīti, yo cāyaṃ samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi– ekaccaṃ me khamati, ekaccaṃ me nakkhamatīti– imehi assa dvīhi viggaho. Iti viggahe sati vivādo, vivāde sati vighāto, vighāte sati vihesā’. Iti so viggahañca vivādañca vighātañca vihesañca attani sampassamāno tañceva diṭṭhiṃ pajahati aññañca diṭṭhiṃ na upādiyati. Evametāsaṃ diṭṭhīnaṃ pahānaṃ hoti, evametāsaṃ diṭṭhīnaṃ paṭinissaggo hoti.
203. “Tatraggivessana, ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino– ‘sabbaṃ me nakkhamatī’ti tattha viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati– ‘yā kho me ayaṃ diṭṭhi– sabbaṃ me nakkhamatī’ti, imañce ahaṃ diṭṭhiṃ thāmasā parāmāsā abhinivissa vohareyyaṃ– idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti; dvīhi me assa viggaho– yo cāyaṃ samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi sabbaṃ me khamatīti, yo cāyaṃ samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi– ekaccaṃ me khamati ekaccaṃ me nakkhamatīti– imehi assa dvīhi viggaho. Iti viggahe sati vivādo, vivāde sati vighāto, vighāte sati vihesā’. Iti so viggahañca vivādañca vighātañca vihesañca attani sampassamāno tañceva diṭṭhiṃ pajahati aññañca diṭṭhiṃ na upādiyati. Evametāsaṃ diṭṭhīnaṃ pahānaṃ hoti, evametāsaṃ diṭṭhīnaṃ paṭinissaggo hoti.
204. “Tatraggivessana, ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino– ‘ekaccaṃ me khamati, ekaccaṃ me nakkhamatī’ti tattha viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati– ‘yā kho me ayaṃ diṭṭhi– ekaccaṃ me khamati, ekaccaṃ me nakkhamatīti, imañce ahaṃ diṭṭhiṃ thāmasā parāmāsā abhinivissa vohareyyaṃ– idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti; dvīhi me assa viggaho– yo cāyaṃ samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi– sabbaṃ me khamatīti, yo cāyaṃ samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi– sabbaṃ me nakkhamatīti– imehi assa dvīhi viggaho. Iti viggahe sati vivādo, vivāde sati vighāto, vighāte sati vihesā’. Iti so viggahañca vivādañca vighātañca vihesañca attani sampassamāno tañceva diṭṭhiṃ pajahati aññañca diṭṭhiṃ na upādiyati. Evametāsaṃ diṭṭhīnaṃ pahānaṃ hoti, evametāsaṃ diṭṭhīnaṃ paṭinissaggo hoti.
205. “Ayaṃ kho panaggivessana, kāyo rūpī cātumahābhūtiko mātāpettikasambhavo odanakummāsupacayo aniccucchādanaparimaddanabhedana-viddhaṃsanadhammo, aniccato dukkhato rogato gaṇḍato sallato aghato ābādhato parato palokato suññato anattato samanupassitabbo Tassimaṃ kāyaṃ aniccato dukkhato rogato gaṇḍato sallato aghato ābādhato parato palokato suññato anattato samanupassato yo kāyasmiṃ kāyachando kāyasneho kāyanvayatā sā pahīyati.
“Tisso kho imā, aggivessana, vedanā– sukhā vedanā, dukkhā vedanā, adukkhamasukhā vedanā. Yasmiṃ, aggivessana, samaye sukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedeti neva tasmiṃ samaye dukkhaṃ vedanaṃ vedeti, na adukkhamasukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedeti; sukhaṃyeva tasmiṃ samaye vedanaṃ vedeti. Yasmiṃ, aggivessana, samaye dukkhaṃ vedanaṃ vedeti, neva tasmiṃ samaye sukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedeti, na adukkhamasukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedeti; dukkhaṃyeva tasmiṃ samaye vedanaṃ vedeti. Yasmiṃ, aggivessana, samaye adukkhamasukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedeti, neva tasmiṃ samaye sukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedeti, na dukkhaṃ vedanaṃ vedeti; adukkhamasukhaṃyeva tasmiṃ samaye vedanaṃ vedeti. Sukhāpi kho, aggivessana, vedanā aniccā saṅkhatā paṭiccasamuppannā khayadhammā vayadhammā virāgadhammā nirodhadhammā; dukkhāpi kho, aggivessana, vedanā aniccā saṅkhatā paṭiccasamuppannā khayadhammā vayadhammā virāgadhammā nirodhadhammā; adukkhamasukhāpi kho, aggivessana, vedanā aniccā saṅkhatā paṭiccasamuppannā khayadhammā vayadhammā virāgadhammā nirodhadhammā. Evaṃ passaṃ, aggivessana, sutavā ariyasāvako sukhāyapi vedanāya nibbindati, dukkhāyapi vedanāya nibbindati, adukkhamasukhāyapi vedanāya nibbindati nibbindaṃ virajjati, virāgā vimuccati. Vimuttasmiṃ, vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ hoti. ‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānāti. Eṃ vimuttacitto kho, aggivessana, bhikkhu na kenaci saṃvadati, na kenaci vivadati, yañca loke vuttaṃ tena voharati, aparāmasan”ti.
206. Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā sāriputto bhagavato piṭṭhito ṭhito hoti bhagavantaṃ bījayamāno. Atha kho āyasmato sāriputtassa etadahosi– “tesaṃ tesaṃ kira no bhagavā dhammānaṃ abhiññā pahānamāha, tesaṃ tesaṃ kira no sugato dhammānaṃ abhiññā paṭinissaggamāhā”ti. Iti hidaṃ āyasmato sāriputtassa paṭisañcikkhato anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimucci. Dīghanakhassa pana paribbājakassa virajaṃ vītamalaṃ dhammacakkhuṃ udapādi– “yaṃ kiñci samudayadhammaṃ sabbaṃ taṃ nirodhadhamman”ti. Atha kho dīghanakho paribbājako diṭṭhadhammo pattadhammo viditadhammo pariyogāḷhadhammo tiṇṇavicikiccho vigatakathaṃkatho vesārajjappatto aparappaccayo satthusāsane bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama, abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama! Seyyathāpi, bho gotama, nikkujjitaṃ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṃ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṃ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya– cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantīti– evameva kho bhotā gotamena anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Esāhaṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañca. Upāsakaṃ maṃ bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ saraṇaṃ gatan”ti.
Dīghanakhasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ catutthaṃ.