第一千零六十三章 毗犍舍经
中部80经/毗犍舍经(游行者品[8])
这是我亲身听闻到的,一时,世尊住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。
那时,游方者毗犍舍来到世尊处。到达后,与世尊互相问候。寒暄完毕后,他站在一旁。站在一旁的毗犍舍游方者在世尊面前自言自语道:"这是最高的色(色解释:物质事物,物质身体),这是最高的色。"
"迦旃延啊,你为什么这样说:'这是最高的色,这是最高的色'?什么是最高的色呢?"
"乔达摩先生,没有比这更高或更精妙的色,所以这是最高的色。"
"迦旃延啊,什么是没有比它更高或更精妙的色呢?"
"乔达摩先生,没有比这更高或更精妙的色,所以这是最高的色。"
"迦旃延啊,你可能会长篇大论地说:'乔达摩先生,没有比这更高或更精妙的色,所以这是最高的色。'但你并没有解释这种色是什么。这就像一个人说:'我爱慕这个国家里最美丽的女人,我渴望她。'人们会问他:'朋友,你爱慕渴望的这个国中美女,你知道她是刹帝利、婆罗门、吠舍还是首陀罗种姓吗(刹帝利解释:意译地主、王种。略作刹利。乃印度四姓阶级中之第二阶级,地位仅次于婆罗门,乃王族、贵族、士族所属之阶级,系从事军事、政治者。释尊即出身此阶级;婆罗门解释:意译净行、梵行、梵志、承习。印度四姓中,最上位之僧侣、学者阶级。为古印度一切知识之垄断者,自认为印度社会之最胜种姓;吠舍解释:印度四姓之一,即商人的族姓;首陀罗解释:略称首陀。为印度四姓中地位最低之奴隶阶级。从事担死人、除粪、养鸡猪、捕猎、屠杀、沽酒、兵伍等卑贱职务。乃雅利安人所征服之土著,随着婆罗门文化之隆盛而备受压迫,亦无任何宗教特权,并受传统婆罗门教轻蔑为无来生之贱民,故称为一生族。释尊对此主张四姓平等,并允许首陀罗阶级出家)?'他回答说'不知道'。人们又问:'朋友,你爱慕渴望的这个国中美女,你知道她的名字和氏族吗?...她是高个子、矮个子还是中等身材?她是黑皮肤、褐色皮肤还是金黄色皮肤?她住在哪个村庄、城镇或城市?'他回答说'不知道'。人们会说:'朋友,你爱慕渴望一个你既不认识也没见过的人吗?'他会回答'是的'。"
"迦旃延,你觉得如何?在这种情况下,那个人的话不是毫无意义吗?"
"的确如此,乔达摩先生,在这种情况下,那个人的话确实毫无意义。"
"同样地,迦旃延,你说'乔达摩先生,没有比这更高或更精妙的色,所以这是最高的色。'但你并没有解释这种色是什么。"
"乔达摩先生,就像一颗优质、精心雕琢的八面琉璃宝石放在红色羊毛布上会发光、闪耀、光彩夺目,同样地,这就是死后无病的自我的色。"
"迦旃延,你认为如何?一颗优质、精心雕琢的八面琉璃宝石放在红色羊毛布上发光、闪耀、光彩夺目,和黑暗中的萤火虫,这两种色哪一个更殊胜、更精妙?"
"乔达摩先生,黑暗中的萤火虫比那颗宝石更殊胜、更精妙。"
"迦旃延,你认为如何?黑暗中的萤火虫和黑暗中的油灯,这两种色哪一个更殊胜、更精妙?"
"乔达摩先生,黑暗中的油灯比萤火虫更殊胜、更精妙。"
"迦旃延,你认为如何?黑暗中的油灯和黑暗中的大火堆,这两种色哪一个更殊胜、更精妙?"
"乔达摩先生,黑暗中的大火堆比油灯更殊胜、更精妙。"
"迦旃延,你认为如何?黑暗中的大火堆和黎明时分无云的天空中的晨星,这两种色哪一个更殊胜、更精妙?"
"乔达摩先生,黎明时分无云的天空中的晨星比大火堆更殊胜、更精妙。"
"迦旃延,你认为如何?黎明时分无云的天空中的晨星和十五日满月夜无云的午夜明月,这两种色哪一个更殊胜、更精妙?"
"乔达摩先生,十五日满月夜无云的午夜明月比晨星更殊胜、更精妙。"
"迦旃延,你认为如何?十五日满月夜无云的午夜明月和雨季最后一个月秋天的正午阳光,这两种色哪一个更殊胜、更精妙?"
"乔达摩先生,雨季最后一个月秋天的正午阳光比满月更殊胜、更精妙。"
"迦旃延,比这更多的是那些我知道的天神,他们的光芒超过日月。然而我不说'没有比这更高或更精妙的色'。而你却说'这种比萤火虫还低劣的色是最高的色',却又不解释这种色是什么。"
"迦旃延,有五种欲望对象。哪五种?眼睛看到的令人喜爱、渴望、悦意、可爱、与欲望相关、引人的形色;耳朵听到的声音...鼻子闻到的气味...舌头尝到的味道...身体接触到的令人喜爱、渴望、悦意、可爱、与欲望相关、引人的触觉对象。这就是五种欲望对象。从这五种欲望对象而生的快乐和喜悦被称为欲乐。因此,从欲望而来欲乐,从欲乐而来最高欲乐,这被认为是最高的。"
当这么说时,毗犍舍游方者对世尊说:"太奇妙了,乔达摩先生!太不可思议了,乔达摩先生!乔达摩先生说得多么好啊:'从欲望而来欲乐,从欲乐而来最高欲乐,这被认为是最高的。'"
"迦旃延,这对你来说很难理解,因为你有不同的见解、不同的信念、不同的喜好、不同的修行、不同的老师。什么是欲望、欲乐或最高欲乐,那些已经解脱、漏尽(漏尽解释:烦恼已经灭尽)、梵行已立(梵行解释:清净的修行,一般指修行八正道)、所作已办、舍重担、达到目标、尽诸有结(结解释:烦恼;有结解释:对有的执着烦恼,对存在的执着烦恼)、正智解脱的阿罗汉比丘们才能真正理解。"
当这么说时,毗犍舍游方者生气、不高兴,辱骂、贬低、批评世尊,说:"沙门乔达摩将会堕落。"他对世尊说:"就这样,有些沙门婆罗门不知过去,不见未来,却声称:'生已尽,梵行已立,所作已办,不受后有。'他们的话成了笑柄,只是空洞无物的言语。"
"迦旃延,那些不知过去、不见未来的沙门婆罗门,却声称:'生已尽,梵行已立,所作已办,不受后有',他们确实应该受到正当的批评。但是,迦旃延,让过去和未来暂且不论。让一个聪明、诚实、正直的人来,我会教导他,我会讲法。如果他按照指导修行,不久就会亲自知道、亲自看到:'原来这就是正确地从束缚中解脱,也就是从无明的束缚中解脱(无明解释:无知无智慧,因为无知无智慧而陷入贪欲贪爱的烦恼之中沉溺沉迷无法自拔)。'
迦旃延,就像一个幼小的婴儿被五种绳索绑着躺在那里。随着他的成长和感官的成熟,那些绳索会松开。他知道自己解脱了,但并不知道绑着他的是什么。同样地,迦旃延,让一个聪明、诚实、正直的人来,我会教导他,我会讲法。如果他按照指导修行,不久就会亲自知道、亲自看到:'原来这就是正确地从束缚中解脱,也就是从无明的束缚中解脱。'"
当这么说时,毗犍舍游方者对世尊说:"太奇妙了,乔达摩先生!...从今以后,请接受我为优婆塞,终生皈依。"
《毗犍舍经》完。
这是第三品《游方者品》的第十经。
这一品的摘要如下:
莲华、火、迦叶、迦旃延,长爪,
再有婆罗豆婆遮种,
珊荼迦、优陀夷、文祁子,
摩尼迦和迦旃延,这是最好的一品。
巴利语原版经文
MN.80/(10) Vekhanasasuttaṃ
278. Evaṃ me sutaṃ– ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Atha kho vekhanaso paribbājako yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Ekamantaṃ ṭhito kho vekhanaso paribbājako bhagavato santike udānaṃ udānesi– “ayaṃ paramo vaṇṇo, ayaṃ paramo vaṇṇo”ti.
“Kiṃ pana tvaṃ, kaccāna, evaṃ vadesi– ‘ayaṃ paramo vaṇṇo, ayaṃ paramo vaṇṇo’ti? Katamo, kaccāna, so paramo vaṇṇo”ti?
“Yasmā, bho gotama, vaṇṇā añño vaṇṇo uttaritaro vā paṇītataro vā natthi so paramo vaṇṇo”ti.
“Katamo pana so, kaccāna, vaṇṇo yasmā vaṇṇā añño vaṇṇo uttaritaro vā paṇītataro vā natthī”ti?
“Yasmā, bho gotama, vaṇṇā añño vaṇṇo uttaritaro vā paṇītataro vā natthi so paramo vaṇṇo”ti.
“Dīghāpi kho te esā, kaccāna, phareyya– ‘yasmā, bho gotama, vaṇṇā añño vaṇṇo uttaritaro vā paṇītataro vā natthi so paramo vaṇṇo’ti vadesi, tañca vaṇṇaṃ na paññapesi. Seyyathāpi, kaccāna, puriso evaṃ vadeyya– ‘ahaṃ yā imasmiṃ janapade janapadakalyāṇī, taṃ icchāmi taṃ kāmemī’ti. Tamenaṃ evaṃ vadeyyuṃ– ‘ambho purisa, yaṃ tvaṃ janapadakalyāṇiṃ icchasi kāmesi, jānāsi taṃ janapadakalyāṇiṃ– khattiyī vā brāhmaṇī vā vessī vā suddī vā’ti? Iti puṭṭho ‘no’ti vadeyya. Tamenaṃ evaṃ vadeyyuṃ– ‘ambho purisa, yaṃ tvaṃ janapadakalyāṇiṃ icchasi kāmesi, jānāsi taṃ janapadakalyāṇiṃ ‘evaṃnāmā evaṃgottāti vāti …pe… dīghā vā rassā vā majjhimā vā kāḷī vā sāmā vā maṅguracchavī vāti… amukasmiṃ gāme vā nigame vā nagare vā’ti? Iti puṭṭho ‘no’ti vadeyya. Tamenaṃ evaṃ vadeyyuṃ– ‘ambho purisa, yaṃ tvaṃ na jānāsi na passasi, taṃ tvaṃ icchasi kāmesī’”ti? Iti puṭṭho ‘āmā’ti vadeyya.
“Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, kaccāna, nanu evaṃ sante tassa purisassa appāṭihīrakataṃ bhāsitaṃ sampajjatī”ti? “Addhā kho, bho gotama, evaṃ sante tassa purisassa appāṭihīrakataṃ bhāsitaṃ sampajjatī”ti. “Evameva kho tvaṃ, kaccāna, ‘yasmā, bho gotama, vaṇṇā añño vaṇṇo uttaritaro vā paṇītataro vā natthi so paramo vaṇṇo’ti vadesi; tañca vaṇṇaṃ na paññapesī”ti. “Seyyathāpi, bho gotama, maṇi veḷuriyo subho jātimā aṭṭhaṃso suparikammakato paṇḍukambale nikkhitto bhāsate ca tapate ca virocati ca, evaṃ vaṇṇo attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā”ti.
279. “Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, kaccāna, yo vā maṇi veḷuriyo subho jātimā aṭṭhaṃso suparikammakato paṇḍukambale nikkhitto bhāsate ca tapate ca virocati ca, yo vā rattandhakāratimisāya kimi khajjopanako imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ katamo vaṇṇo abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti? “Yvāyaṃ, bho gotama, rattandhakāratimisāya kimi khajjopanako, ayaṃ imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti.
“Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, kaccāna, yo vā rattandhakāratimisāya kimi khajjopanako, yo vā rattandhakāratimisāya telappadīpo, imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ katamo vaṇṇo abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti? “Yvāyaṃ, bho gotama, rattandhakāratimisāya telappadīpo, ayaṃ imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti.
“Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, kaccāna, yo vā rattandhakāratimisāya telappadīpo, yo vā rattandhakāratimisāya mahā-aggikkhandho, imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ katamo vaṇṇo abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti? “Yvāyaṃ, bho gotama, rattandhakāratimisāya mahā-aggikkhandho, ayaṃ imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti.
“Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, kaccāna, yo vā rattandhakāratimisāya mahā-aggikkhandho, yā vā rattiyā paccūsasamayaṃ viddhe vigatavalāhake deve osadhitārakā, imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ katamo vaṇṇo abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti? “Yvāyaṃ, bho gotama, rattiyā paccūsasamayaṃ viddhe vigatavalāhake deve osadhitārakā, ayaṃ imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti. “Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, kaccāna, yā vā rattiyā paccūsasamayaṃ viddhe vigatavalāhake deve osadhitārakā, yo vā tadahuposathe pannarase viddhe vigatavalāhake deve abhido aḍḍharattasamayaṃ cando, imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ katamo vaṇṇo abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti? “Yvāyaṃ, bho gotama, tadahuposathe pannarase viddhe vigatavalāhake deve abhido aḍḍharattasamayaṃ cando, ayaṃ imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti. “Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, kaccāna, yo vā tadahuposathe pannarase viddhe vigatavalāhake deve abhido aḍḍharattasamayaṃ cando, yo vā vassānaṃ pacchime māse saradasamaye viddhe vigatavalāhake deve abhido majjhanhikasamayaṃ sūriyo, imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ katamo vaṇṇo abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti? “Yvāyaṃ, bho gotama, vassānaṃ pacchime māse saradasamaye viddhe vigatavalāhake deve abhido majjhanhikasamayaṃ sūriyo– ayaṃ imesaṃ ubhinnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā”ti. “Ato kho te, kaccāna, bahū hi bahutarā devā ye imesaṃ candimasūriyānaṃ ābhā nānubhonti, tyāhaṃ pajānāmi. Atha ca panāhaṃ na vadāmi– ‘yasmā vaṇṇā añño vaṇṇo uttaritaro ca paṇītataro ca natthī’ti. Atha ca pana tvaṃ, kaccāna, ‘yvāyaṃ vaṇṇo kiminā khajjopanakena nihīnataro ca patikiṭṭhataro ca so paramo vaṇṇo’ti vadesi; tañca vaṇṇaṃ na paññapesi”.
280. “Pañca kho ime, kaccāna, kāmaguṇā. Katame pañca? Cakkhuviññeyyā rūpā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā, sotaviññeyyā saddā …pe… ghānaviññeyyā gandhā… jivhāviññeyyā rasā… kāyaviññeyyā phoṭṭhabbā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā– ime kho, kaccāna, pañca kāmaguṇā. Yaṃ kho, kaccāna, ime pañca kāmaguṇe paṭicca uppajjati sukhaṃ somanassaṃ idaṃ vuccati kāmasukhaṃ. Iti kāmehi kāmasukhaṃ, kāmasukhā kāmaggasukhaṃ tattha aggamakkhāyatī”ti.
Evaṃ vutte, vekhanaso paribbājako bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “acchariyaṃ, bho gotama, abbhutaṃ, bho gotama! Yāva subhāsitaṃ cidaṃ bhotā gotamena– ‘kāmehi kāmasukhaṃ, kāmasukhā kāmaggasukhaṃ tattha aggamakkhāyatī’ti. (‘kāmehi, bho gotama, kāmasukhaṃ, kāmasukhā kāmaggasukhaṃ, tattha aggamakkhāyatī’ti) – “dujjānaṃ kho etaṃ, kaccāna, tayā aññadiṭṭhikena aññakhantikena aññarucikena aññatrayogena aññatrācariyakena– kāmā vā kāmasukhaṃ vā kāmaggasukhaṃ vā. Ye kho te, kaccāna, bhikkhū arahanto khīṇāsavā vusitavanto katakaraṇīyā ohitabhārā anuppattasadatthā parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojanā sammadaññā vimuttā te kho etaṃ jāneyyuṃ– kāmā vā kāmasukhaṃ vā kāmaggasukhaṃ vā”ti.
281. Evaṃ vutte, vekhanaso paribbājako kupito anattamano bhagavantaṃyeva khuṃsento bhagavantaṃyeva vambhento bhagavantaṃyeva vadamāno “samaṇo gotamo pāpito bhavissatī”ti bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “evameva panidhekacce samaṇabrāhmaṇā ajānantā pubbantaṃ, apassantā aparantaṃ atha ca pana ‘khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyāti– pajānāmā’ti– paṭijānanti. Tesamidaṃ bhāsitaṃ hassakaṃyeva sampajjati, nāmakaṃyeva sampajjati, rittakaṃyeva sampajjati, tucchakaṃyeva sampajjatī”ti. “Ye kho te, kaccāna, samaṇabrāhmaṇā ajānantā pubbantaṃ apassantā aparantaṃ, ‘khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyāti– pajānāmā’ti– paṭijānanti; tesaṃ soyeva sahadhammiko niggaho hoti. Api ca, kaccāna, tiṭṭhatu pubbanto, tiṭṭhatu aparanto. Etu viññū puriso asaṭho amāyāvī ujujātiko, ahamanusāsāmi ahaṃ dhammaṃ desemi. Yathānusiṭṭhaṃ tathā paṭipajjamāno nacirasseva sāmaññeva ñassati sāmaṃ dakkhiti– evaṃ kira sammā bandhanā vippamokkho hoti, yadidaṃ avijjā bandhanā. Seyyathāpi, kaccāna, daharo kumāro mando uttānaseyyako kaṇṭhapañcamehi bandhanehi baddho assa suttabandhanehi; tassa vuddhimanvāya indriyānaṃ paripākamanvāya tāni bandhanāni mucceyyuṃ; so mokkhomhīti kho jāneyya no ca bandhanaṃ Evameva kho, kaccāna, etu viññū puriso asaṭho amāyāvī ujujātiko, ahamanusāsāmi, ahaṃ dhammaṃ desemi; yathānusiṭṭhaṃ tathā paṭipajjamāno nacirasseva sāmaññe ñassati sāmaṃ dakkhiti– ‘evaṃ kira sammā bandhanā vippamokkho hoti, yadidaṃ avijjā bandhanā’”ti.
Evaṃ vutte, vekhanaso paribbājako bhagavantaṃ etadavoca– “abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama …pe… upāsakaṃ maṃ bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ saraṇaṃ gatan”ti.
Vekhanasasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ dasamaṃ.
Paribbājakavaggo niṭṭhito tatiyo.
Tassuddānaṃ–
Puṇḍarī-aggisaha-kathināmo, dīghanakho puna bhāradvājagotto.
Sandaka-udāyimuṇḍikaputto, maṇiko tathākaccāno varavaggo.