中部47经/考察经(双小品[5])

这是我亲身听闻到的，有个时候，佛陀住在舍卫城祇树林给孤独园。在那里，佛陀对比丘们说："比丘们。"那些比丘回答说："世尊。"

佛陀说道："比丘们，不知他心的审察比丘，应当审察如来：'他是否是正等正觉者？'以便了知。"

"世尊，我们的法以世尊为根本，以世尊为向导，以世尊为皈依。善哉，请世尊为我们阐释这段话的含义。听闻世尊的教导后，比丘们将会受持。"

"那么，比丘们，谛听，善思念之，如来将为你们说法。"

"是的，世尊。"那些比丘回答佛陀。

佛陀如是说："比丘们，不知他心的审察比丘，应当从两方面审察如来，即眼耳所识的法（识解释：认识分别判断，就是六识；六识解释，见第一百八十八章）：'如来是否有污秽的眼耳所识法？'审察后，他了知：'如来没有污秽的眼耳所识法。'

当他审察后了知：'如来没有污秽的眼耳所识法'时，他进一步审察：'如来是否有杂染的眼耳所识法（杂染解释：系指有漏法。清净之对称。杂，即间杂、和杂之义；染，是染污法，即指不善及有覆无记之法。通常杂染与染污同义，互为通用；但据成唯识论述记卷二末载，单称染、染污之际，即指烦恼；而称杂染之际，则系通于善、恶、无记等三性，为一切有漏法之总称。杂染分为三类，称三杂染，即：1.烦恼杂染。又作惑杂染。即一切烦恼及随烦恼之总名。此又分为见所断、修所断二种，或欲界系、色界系、无色界系三种，或根本烦恼等十种。2.业杂染。指从烦恼生，或助烦恼造作身语意三者之业。3.生杂染。又作苦杂染。依烦恼及业而受生于三界之苦。以上三类依序相当于惑、业、苦三道。或谓三杂染再加障杂染，为四杂染）？'审察后，他了知：'如来没有杂染的眼耳所识法。'

当他审察后了知：'如来没有杂染的眼耳所识法'时，他进一步审察：'如来是否有清净的眼耳所识法？'审察后，他了知：'如来有清净的眼耳所识法。'

当他审察后了知：'如来有清净的眼耳所识法'时，他进一步审察：'这位尊者是长期具足这善法，还是暂时具足？'审察后，他了知：'这位尊者是长期具足这善法，不是暂时具足。'

当他审察后了知：'这位尊者是长期具足这善法，不是暂时具足'时，他进一步审察：'这位有名声的比丘是否有某些过失？'比丘们，比丘在未获得名声之前是不会有某些过失的。但当比丘获得名声时，就可能会有某些过失。审察后，他了知：'这位有名声的比丘没有某些过失。'

当他审察后了知：'这位有名声的比丘没有某些过失'时，他进一步审察：'这位尊者是无畏而离欲的，不是因为恐惧而离欲；他是因为灭尽贪欲而不受用欲，不是因为贪欲而受用欲。'审察后，他了知：'这位尊者是无畏而离欲的，不是因为恐惧而离欲；他是因为灭尽贪欲而不受用欲，不是因为贪欲而受用欲。'

比丘们，如果其他人这样问那位比丘：'尊者有什么理由，有什么根据说这位尊者是无畏而离欲的，不是因为恐惧而离欲；他是因为灭尽贪欲而不受用欲，不是因为贪欲而受用欲？'正确回答的比丘应当这样回答：'无论这位尊者住在僧团中还是独居，无论是修行好的人还是修行差的人，无论是教导团体的人还是受用利养的人，无论是不受利养污染的人，这位尊者都不会轻视他们。我亲自从世尊那里听到并领受到：如来是无畏而离欲的，不是因为恐惧而离欲；如来是因为灭尽贪欲而不受用欲，不是因为贪欲而受用欲。'

比丘们，在这种情况下，应当进一步询问如来：'如来是否有污秽的眼耳所识法？'比丘们，如来回答时会这样回答：'如来没有污秽的眼耳所识法。'

'如来是否有杂染的眼耳所识法？'比丘们，如来回答时会这样回答：'如来没有杂染的眼耳所识法。'

'如来是否有清净的眼耳所识法？'比丘们，如来回答时会这样回答：'如来有清净的眼耳所识法。这是如来的道路，这是如来的行处，但如来不执著于此。'

比丘们，具有这样说法的导师，弟子值得亲近以闻法。导师为他宣说越来越殊胜、越来越微妙的法，包括善与不善。比丘们，当导师为比丘宣说越来越殊胜、越来越微妙的法，包括善与不善时，比丘通过证知而在诸法中达到某些法的究竟（究竟解释：形容至高无上之境界。如佛示现至高无上之真理，即称为究竟法身；大般涅槃显示佛教之最终目的，即称为究竟涅槃），他对导师生起信心：'世尊是正等正觉者（正等正觉者解释：意思是宇宙间至高无上真正平等普遍的觉悟，亦即究竟圆满的佛果），法为世尊善说，僧众是善行道者。'

比丘们，如果其他人这样问那位比丘：'尊者有什么理由，有什么根据说世尊是正等正觉者，法为世尊善说，僧众是善行道者？'正确回答的比丘应当这样回答：'朋友，我来到世尊这里听法。世尊为我宣说越来越殊胜、越来越微妙的法，包括善与不善。朋友，当世尊为我宣说越来越殊胜、越来越微妙的法，包括善与不善时，我通过证知而在诸法中达到某些法的究竟，我对导师生起信心：世尊是正等正觉者，法为世尊善说，僧众是善行道者。'

比丘们，任何人以这些行相、这些文句、这些语词对如来生起根深蒂固、建立起来的信心，比丘们，这被称为有理由的信心，基于见解，坚固的；不能被沙门、婆罗门、天、魔、梵天或世间的任何人所动摇。比丘们，这就是对如来的法的审察。这样，如来就是被法所善审察的。"

佛陀说了这些。那些比丘满意欢喜佛陀所说。

《审察经》第七终。

巴利语原版经文

MN.47/(7) Vīmaṃsakasuttaṃ

　　 487. Evaṃ me sutaṃ– ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi– “bhikkhavo”ti. “Bhadante”ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca– “vīmaṃsakena, bhikkhave, bhikkhunā parassa cetopariyāyaṃ ajānantena tathāgate samannesanā kātabbā ‘sammāsambuddho vā no vā’ iti viññāṇāyā”ti. “Bhagavaṃmūlakā no, bhante, dhammā, bhagavaṃnettikā bhagavaṃpaṭisaraṇā; sādhu vata, bhante, bhagavantaṃyeva paṭibhātu etassa bhāsitassa attho; bhagavato sutvā bhikkhū dhāressantī”ti. “Tena hi, bhikkhave, suṇātha, sādhukaṃ manasi karotha, bhāsissāmī”ti “Evaṃ, bhante”ti kho te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca–

　　 488. “Vīmaṃsakena, bhikkhave, bhikkhunā parassa cetopariyāyaṃ ajānantena dvīsu dhammesu tathāgato samannesitabbo cakkhusotaviññeyyesu dhammesu– ‘ye saṃkiliṭṭhā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vā’ti? Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti– ‘ye saṃkiliṭṭhā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’ti.

　　 “Yato naṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti– ‘ye saṃkiliṭṭhā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’ti, tato naṃ uttariṃ samannesati– ‘ye vītimissā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vā’ti? Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti– ‘ye vītimissā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’ti.

　　 “Yato naṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti– ‘ye vītimissā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’ti, tato naṃ uttariṃ samannesati– ‘ye vodātā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vā’ti? Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti– ‘ye vodātā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti te tathāgatassā’ti.

　　 “Yato naṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti– ‘ye vodātā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti te tathāgatassā’ti, tato naṃ uttariṃ samannesati– ‘dīgharattaṃ samāpanno ayamāyasmā imaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ, udāhu ittarasamāpanno’ti? Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘dīgharattaṃ samāpanno ayamāyasmā imaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ, nāyamāyasmā ittarasamāpanno’ti.

　　 “Yato naṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti– ‘dīgharattaṃ samāpanno ayamāyasmā imaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ, nāyamāyasmā ittarasamāpanno’ti, tato naṃ uttariṃ samannesati– ‘ñattajjhāpanno ayamāyasmā bhikkhu yasappatto, saṃvijjantassa idhekacce ādīnavā’ti? Na tāva, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno idhekacce ādīnavā saṃvijjanti yāva na ñattajjhāpanno hoti yasappatto. Yato ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ñattajjhāpanno hoti yasappatto athassa idhekacce ādīnavā saṃvijjanti. Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti– ‘ñattajjhāpanno ayamāyasmā bhikkhu yasappatto, nāssa idhekacce ādīnavā saṃvijjantī’ti.

　　 “Yato naṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti– ‘ñattajjhāpanno ayamāyasmā bhikkhu yasappatto, nāssa idhekacce ādīnavā saṃvijjantī’ti, tato naṃ uttariṃ samannesati– ‘abhayūparato ayamāyasmā, nāyamāyasmā bhayūparato; vītarāgattā kāme na sevati khayā rāgassā’ti? Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti– ‘abhayūparato ayamāyasmā, nāyamāyasmā bhayūparato; vītarāgattā kāme na sevati khayā rāgassā’ti. Tañce, bhikkhave, bhikkhuṃ pare evaṃ puccheyyuṃ– ‘ke panāyasmato ākārā, ke anvayā, yenāyasmā evaṃ vadesi– abhayūparato ayamāyasmā, nāyamāyasmā bhayūparato; vītarāgattā kāme na sevati khayā rāgassā’ti. Sammā byākaramāno, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ byākareyya– ‘tathā hi pana ayamāyasmā saṅghe vā viharanto eko vā viharanto, ye ca tattha sugatā ye ca tattha duggatā, ye ca tattha gaṇamanusāsanti, ye ca idhekacce āmisesu saṃdissanti, ye ca idhekacce āmisena anupalittā, nāyamāyasmā taṃ tena avajānāti Sammukhā kho pana metaṃ bhagavato sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ– abhayūparatohamasmi, nāhamasmi bhayūparato, vītarāgattā kāme na sevāmi khayā rāgassā’ti.

　　 489. “Tatra bhikkhave, tathāgatova uttariṃ paṭipucchitabbo– ‘ye saṃkiliṭṭhā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vā’ti? Byākaramāno, bhikkhave, tathāgato evaṃ byākareyya– ‘ye saṃkiliṭṭhā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’”ti.

　　 “Ye vītimissā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vāti? Byākaramāno, bhikkhave, tathāgato evaṃ byākareyya– ‘ye vītimissā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’ti.

　　 “Ye vodātā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vāti? Byākaramāno, bhikkhave, tathāgato evaṃ byākareyya– ‘ye vodātā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti te tathāgatassa; etaṃpathohamasmi, etaṃgocaro, no ca tena tammayo’ti.

　　 “Evaṃvādiṃ kho, bhikkhave, satthāraṃ arahati sāvako upasaṅkamituṃ dhammassavanāya. Tassa satthā dhammaṃ deseti uttaruttariṃ paṇītapaṇītaṃ kaṇhasukkasappaṭibhāgaṃ. Yathā yathā kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno satthā dhammaṃ deseti uttaruttariṃ paṇītapaṇītaṃ kaṇhasukkasappaṭibhāgaṃ tathā tathā so tasmiṃ dhamme abhiññāya idhekaccaṃ dhammaṃ dhammesu niṭṭhaṃ gacchati, satthari pasīdati– ‘sammāsambuddho bhagavā, svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo, suppaṭipanno saṅgho’ti. Tañce, bhikkhave, bhikkhuṃ pare evaṃ puccheyyuṃ– ‘ke panāyasmato ākārā, ke anvayā, yenāyasmā evaṃ vadesi– sammāsambuddho bhagavā svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo, suppaṭipanno saṅgho’ti? Sammā byākaramāno, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ byākareyya – ‘idhāhaṃ, āvuso, yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṃ dhammassavanāya. Tassa me bhagavā dhammaṃ deseti uttaruttariṃ paṇītapaṇītaṃ kaṇhasukkasappaṭibhāgaṃ. Yathā yathā me, āvuso bhagavā dhammaṃ deseti uttaruttariṃ paṇītapaṇītaṃ kaṇhasukkasappaṭibhāgaṃ tathā tathāhaṃ tasmiṃ dhamme abhiññāya idhekaccaṃ dhammaṃ dhammesu niṭṭhamagamaṃ, satthari pasīdiṃ – sammāsambuddho bhagavā, svākkhāto bhagavatā, dhammo, suppaṭipanno saṅgho’ti.

　　 490. “Yassa kassaci, bhikkhave, imehi ākārehi imehi padehi imehi byañjanehi tathāgate saddhā niviṭṭhā hoti mūlajātā patiṭṭhitā, ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, ākāravatī saddhā dassanamūlikā, daḷhā; asaṃhāriyā samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṃ. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, tathāgate dhammasamannesanā hoti. Evañca pana tathāgato dhammatāsusamanniṭṭho hotī”ti.

　　 Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.

　　 Vīmaṃsakasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ sattamaṃ.