第一千零三十章 小牧牛者经
中部34经/小牧牛者经(双大品[4])
这是我亲身听闻到的。有个时候,佛陀住在跋耆国乌卡切拉城恒河岸边。那时,佛陀呼唤比丘们说:"比丘们。"比丘们回答说:"世尊。"
佛陀如是说道:"比丘们,从前有一个愚痴的摩揭陀国牧牛人。在雨季最后一个月,秋天的时候,他没有观察恒河此岸,也没有观察彼岸,就在没有渡口的地方让牛群渡河到对岸的毗提诃国。结果,比丘们,牛群在恒河中游被水流冲散,遭遇了灾难。这是为什么呢?因为那个愚痴的摩揭陀国牧牛人在雨季最后一个月,秋天的时候,没有观察恒河此岸,也没有观察彼岸,就在没有渡口的地方让牛群渡河到对岸的毗提诃国。同样地,比丘们,任何沙门或婆罗门不善于此世界,不善于他世界,不善于魔界(魔界解释,见第八百零五章),不善于非魔界,不善于死亡界,不善于不死界(界解释,见第一百零三章),如果有人认为应该听信他们的话,那将给他们带来长期的不利与痛苦。
"比丘们,从前有一个聪明的摩揭陀国牧牛人。在雨季最后一个月,秋天的时候,他仔细观察了恒河此岸,也仔细观察了彼岸,然后在渡口处让牛群渡河到对岸的毗提提诃国。他首先让那些公牛、母牛和领头牛渡河。它们横渡恒河水流,安全地到达了对岸。然后他又让壮牛和驯服的牛渡河。它们也横渡恒河水流,安全地到达了对岸。接着他又让小公牛和小母牛渡河。它们也横渡恒河水流,安全地到达了对岸。然后他又让幼牛和瘦弱的牛渡河。它们也横渡恒河水流,安全地到达了对岸。比丘们,从前有一头刚出生的小牛犊,跟随着母牛的叫声,也横渡恒河水流,安全地到达了对岸。这是为什么呢?因为那个聪明的摩揭陀国牧牛人在雨季最后一个月,秋天的时候,仔细观察了恒河此岸,也仔细观察了彼岸,然后在渡口处让牛群渡河到对岸的毗提诃国。同样地,比丘们,任何沙门或婆罗门善于此世界,善于他世界,善于魔界,善于非魔界,善于死亡界,善于不死界,如果有人认为应该听信他们的话,那将给他们带来长期的利益与快乐。
"比丘们,就像那些公牛、母牛和领头牛横渡恒河水流,安全地到达了对岸,同样地,比丘们,那些阿罗汉、漏尽(漏尽解释:烦恼灭尽)、修行圆满、所作已办、放下重担、达到目标、断尽有结(断尽有结解释:断尽有结就是已经灭尽生死轮回,已经不会被生与死束缚捆绑,已经灭尽一切的烦恼与痛苦,不会被烦恼和痛苦折磨、煎熬。「有」是有生与死的轮回,「结」是有烦恼与痛苦。简单的说断尽有结,就是灭尽了生死轮回,灭尽了一切的烦恼与痛苦)、正智解脱的比丘们,他们已经横渡魔罗的水流,安全地到达了彼岸。
"比丘们,就像那些壮牛和驯服的牛横渡恒河水流,安全地到达了对岸,同样地,比丘们,那些已断五下分结、化生(五下分结解释,见第六百五十七章;化生解释:本无而忽生之意。即无所依托,借业力而出现者。凡化生者,不缺诸根支分,死亦不留其遗形,即所谓顿生而顿灭,故于四生中亦最胜。化生者,皆以爱染当生处而受其生)、在那里般涅槃(般涅槃解释:进入最后的涅槃境界,不再生死轮回;生死轮回解释,见第五百七十八章)、不再返回此世的比丘们,他们也将横渡魔罗的水流,安全地到达彼岸。
"比丘们,就像那些小公牛和小母牛横渡恒河水流,安全地到达了对岸,同样地,比丘们,那些断三结(三结解释,见第九百二十六章)、贪嗔痴薄弱的一来比丘(一来果解释,见第七百九十二章),他们还会再来此世一次就能终结痛苦,他们也将横渡魔罗的水流,安全地到达彼岸。
"比丘们,就像那些幼牛和瘦弱的牛横渡恒河水流,安全地到达了对岸,同样地,比丘们,那些断三结的须陀洹比丘(须陀洹解释:须陀洹果位又被称为「入流果」,就是除灭了有「我」真实、永远存在的见解;灭尽了那些对解脱毫无帮助的苦行、禁戒、禁忌;消除了对如来正法的疑惑,消除了对如来,对如来出家弟子们聚集的僧团,对如来所制定的戒律的疑惑。对如来,对如来的正法,对如来所制定的戒律,对如来的出家弟子们聚集的僧团生起了坚固的信心,已经初入圣道,进入圣者之流,须陀洹果位也称为初果,这些证悟须陀洹果位的出家人、修行人,他们也被称为证悟初果的圣者。他们不会投生到恶道,不会投生到痛苦不幸的地方,不会投生到地狱、饿鬼、畜生三恶道,最多在天界与人间投生七次就能灭尽一切的烦恼和痛苦,从生死轮回中永远的解脱出来,证悟不生不灭涅槃的境界;天界解释,见第四百四十一章),不堕恶道、决定趣向正觉的比丘们,他们也将横渡魔罗的水流,安全地到达彼岸。
"比丘们,就像那头刚出生的小牛犊,跟随着母牛的叫声,横渡恒河水流,安全地到达了对岸,同样地,比丘们,那些随法行、随信行的比丘们(随法行者解释,见第七百九十二章;随信行者解释,见第七百九十二章),他们也将横渡魔罗的水流,安全地到达彼岸。
"比丘们,如来善于此世界,善于他世界,善于魔界,善于非魔界,善于死亡界,善于不死界。如果有人认为应该听信如来的话,那将给他们带来长期的利益与安乐。"
佛陀说了这番话。说完之后,善逝、导师又说了这些偈颂:
"此世与他世,已被知者善说,
魔罗所及处,死亡未至处。
正觉者遍知,一切世间已,
开启不死门,安稳证涅槃。
已断恶魔流,击溃令粉碎,
汝等多欢喜,比丘得安稳。"
第四《小牧牛者经》结束。
巴利语原版经文
MN.34/(4) Cūḷagopālakasuttaṃ
350. Evaṃ me sutaṃ– ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā vajjīsu viharati ukkacelāyaṃ gaṅgāya nadiyā tīre. Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi– “bhikkhavo”ti. “Bhadante”ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca–
“Bhūtapubbaṃ bhikkhave, māgadhako gopālako duppaññajātiko, vassānaṃ pacchime māse saradasamaye, asamavekkhitvā gaṅgāya nadiyā orimaṃ tīraṃ, asamavekkhitvā pārimaṃ tīraṃ, atittheneva gāvo patāresi uttaraṃ tīraṃ suvidehānaṃ. Atha kho, bhikkhave, gāvo majjhegaṅgāya nadiyā sote āmaṇḍaliyaṃ karitvā tattheva anayabyasanaṃ āpajjiṃsu. Taṃ kissa hetu? Tathā hi so, bhikkhave, māgadhako gopālako duppaññajātiko, vassānaṃ pacchime māse saradasamaye, asamavekkhitvā gaṅgāya nadiyā orimaṃ tīraṃ, asamavekkhitvā pārimaṃ tīraṃ, atittheneva gāvo patāresi uttaraṃ tīraṃ suvidehānaṃ. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, ye hi keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā akusalā imassa lokassa akusalā parassa lokassa, akusalā māradheyyassa akusalā amāradheyyassa, akusalā maccudheyyassa akusalā amaccudheyyassa, tesaṃ ye sotabbaṃ saddahātabbaṃ maññissanti, tesaṃ taṃ bhavissati dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāya.
351. “Bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave, māgadhako gopālako sappaññajātiko, vassānaṃ pacchime māse saradasamaye, samavekkhitvā gaṅgāya nadiyā orimaṃ tīraṃ, samavekkhitvā pārimaṃ tīraṃ, tittheneva gāvo patāresi uttaraṃ tīraṃ suvidehānaṃ. So paṭhamaṃ patāresi ye te usabhā gopitaro gopariṇāyakā. Te tiriyaṃ gaṅgāya sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ agamaṃsu. Athāpare patāresi balavagāvo dammagāvo. Tepi tiriyaṃ gaṅgāya sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ agamaṃsu. Athāpare patāresi vacchatare vacchatariyo. Tepi tiriyaṃ gaṅgāya sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ agamaṃsu. Athāpare patāresi vacchake kisābalake. Tepi tiriyaṃ gaṅgāya sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ agamaṃsu. Bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave, vacchako taruṇako tāvadeva jātako mātugoravakena vuyhamāno, sopi tiriyaṃ gaṅgāya sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ agamāsi. Taṃ kissa hetu? Tathā hi so, bhikkhave, māgadhako gopālako sappaññajātiko vassānaṃ pacchime māse saradasamaye, samavekkhitvā gaṅgāya nadiyā orimaṃ tīraṃ, samavekkhitvā pārimaṃ tīraṃ, tittheneva gāvo patāresi uttaraṃ tīraṃ suvidehānaṃ. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, ye hi keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā kusalā imassa lokassa kusalā parassa lokassa, kusalā māradheyyassa kusalā amāradheyyassa, kusalā maccudheyyassa kusalā amaccudheyyassa, tesaṃ ye sotabbaṃ saddahātabbaṃ maññissanti, tesaṃ taṃ bhavissati dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya.
352. “Seyyathāpi bhikkhave, ye te usabhā gopitaro gopariṇāyakā te tiriyaṃ gaṅgāya sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ agamaṃsu, evameva kho, bhikkhave, ye te bhikkhū arahanto khīṇāsavā vusitavanto katakaraṇīyā ohitabhārā anuppattasadatthā parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojanā sammadaññā vimuttā, te tiriyaṃ mārassa sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ gatā.
“Seyyathāpi te, bhikkhave, balavagāvo dammagāvo tiriyaṃ gaṅgāya sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ agamaṃsu, evameva kho, bhikkhave, ye te bhikkhū pañcannaṃ orambhāgiyānaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ parikkhayā opapātikā tattha parinibbāyino anāvattidhammā tasmā lokā, tepi tiriyaṃ mārassa sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ gamissanti.
“Seyyathāpi te, bhikkhave, vacchatarā vacchatariyo tiriyaṃ gaṅgāya sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ agamaṃsu, evameva kho, bhikkhave, ye te bhikkhū tiṇṇaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ parikkhayā rāgadosamohānaṃ tanuttā sakadāgāmino sakiṃdeva imaṃ lokaṃ āgantvā dukkhassantaṃ karissanti, tepi tiriyaṃ mārassa sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ gamissanti.
“Seyyathāpi te, bhikkhave, vacchakā kisābalakā tiriyaṃ gaṅgāya sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ agamaṃsu, evameva kho, bhikkhave, ye te bhikkhū tiṇṇaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ parikkhayā sotāpannā avinipātadhammā niyatā sambodhiparāyanā, tepi tiriyaṃ mārassa sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ gamissanti.
“Seyyathāpi so, bhikkhave, vacchako taruṇako tāvadeva jātako mātugoravakena vuyhamāno tiriyaṃ gaṅgāya sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ agamāsi, evameva kho, bhikkhave, ye te bhikkhū dhammānusārino saddhānusārino, tepi tiriyaṃ mārassa sotaṃ chetvā sotthinā pāraṃ gamissanti.
“Ahaṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, kusalo imassa lokassa kusalo parassa lokassa, kusalo māradheyyassa kusalo amāradheyyassa, kusalo maccudheyyassa kusalo amaccudheyyassa. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, ye sotabbaṃ saddahātabbaṃ maññissanti, tesaṃ taṃ bhavissati dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāyā”ti.
Idamavoca bhagavā. Idaṃ vatvā sugato athāparaṃ etadavoca satthā–
“Ayaṃ loko paro loko, jānatā suppakāsito;
Yañca mārena sampattaṃ, appattaṃ yañca maccunā.
“Sabbaṃ lokaṃ abhiññāya, sambuddhena pajānatā;
Vivaṭaṃ amatadvāraṃ, khemaṃ nibbānapattiyā.
“Chinnaṃ pāpimato sotaṃ, viddhastaṃ vinaḷīkataṃ;
Pāmojjabahulā hotha, khemaṃ pattattha bhikkhavo”ti.
Cūḷagopālakasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ catutthaṃ.